doi:10.1159/000516405

[1]

International Agency dor Research on Cancer. Available from: https://www.iarc.fr/news-events/latest-global-cancer-data-cancer-burden-rises-to-19-3-illion-new-casesand-10-0-million-cancer-deaths-in-2020/.

[2]

Lin L, Yan L, Liu Y, Qu C, Ni J, Li H. The Burden and trends of primary liver cancer caused by specific etiologies from 1990 to 2017 at the global, regional, national, age, and sex level results from the global burden of disease study 2017. Liver Cancer. 2020 Sep;9(5):563–82.

doi: 10.1159/000508568

[3]

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018 Nov;68(6): 394–424.

doi: 10.3322/caac.21492

[4]

Allemani C, Matsuda T, Di Carlo V, Harewood R, Matz M, Nikšić M, et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37,513,025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. Lancet. 2018 Mar; 391(10125):1023–75.

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33326-3

[5]

National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/livibd.html. Accessed 2019 Sep.

[6]

Franssen B, Alshebeeb K, Tabrizian P, Marti J, Pierobon ES, Lubezky N, et al. Differences in surgical outcomes between hepatitis B- and hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of a single North American center. Ann Surg. 2014;260:650–8; discussion 656–658.

doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000917

[7]

Park JW, Chen M, Colombo M, Roberts LR, Schwartz M, Chen PJ, et al. Global patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma management from diagnosis to death: the BRIDGE Study. Liver Int. 2015;35:2155–66.

doi: 10.1111/liv.12818

[8]

Poon D, Anderson BO, Chen LT, Tanaka K, Lau WY, Van Cutsem E, et al. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia: consensus statement from the Asian oncology summit 2009. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:1111–8.

doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70241-4

[9]

Llovet JM, Fuster J, Bruix J. The Barcelona approach: diagnosis, staging, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl. 2004;10:S115–20.

doi: 10.1002/lt.20034

[10]

Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, Tsao CJ, Qin S, Kim JS, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase Ⅲ randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:25–34.

doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70285-7

[11]

Chow PK, Tai BC, Tan CK, Machin D, Win KM, Johnson PJ, et al. High-dose tamoxifen in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 2002;36:1221–6.

doi: 10.1053/jhep.2002.36824

[12]

Pawarode A, Tangkijvanich P, Voravud N. Outcomes of primary hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: an 8-year experience with 368 patients in Thailand. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15:860–4.

doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02282.x

[13]

McGlynn KA, Tsao L, Hsing AW, Devesa SS, Fraumeni JF Jr. International trends and patterns of primary liver cancer. Int J Cancer. 2001;94:290–6.

doi: 10.1002/ijc.1456

[14]

Kirk GD, Lesi OA, Mendy M, Akano AO, Sam O, Goedert JJ, et al. The gambia liver cancer study: infection with hepatitis B and C and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in West Africa. Hepatology. 2004;39:211–9.

doi: 10.1002/hep.20027

[15]

Parkin DM. Global cancer statistics in the year 2000. Lancet Oncol. 2001;2:533–43.

doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(01)00486-7

[16]

Omata M, Cheng A, Norihiro K, Masatoshi K, Jeong M, Jidong J, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int. 2017 Jul;11(4):317–70.

doi: 10.1007/s12072-017-9799-9

[17]

Bruix J, Reig M, Sherman M. Evidence-based diagnosis, staging, and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:835–53.

doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.12.041

[18]

Forner A, Reig M, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 2018;391:1301–14.

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30010-2

[19]

Chen J, Zhao J, Liu J, Ying H, Han Y, Zhou S, et al. Potential molecular, cellular and microenvironmental mechanism of sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Letter. 2015;367(1):1–11.

doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.019

[20]

Jackson R, Psarelli EE, Berhane S, Khan H, Johnson P. Impact of viral status on survival in patients receiving sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized phase Ⅲ trials. J Clin Oncol. 2017; 35:622–8.

doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.69.5197

[21]

El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1118–27.

doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1001683

[22]

Parsons HM, Chu Q, Karlitz JJ, Stevens JL, Harlan LC. Adoption of sorafenib for the treatment of advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in oncology practices in the United States. Liver Cancer. 2017;6:216–26.

doi: 10.1159/000473862

[23]

Park JW, Chen M, Colombo M, Roberts LR, Schwartz M. Global patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma management from diagnosis to death: the BRIDGE Study. Liver Int. 2015;35: 2155–66.

doi: 10.1111/liv.12818

[24]

Petrick JL, Florio AA, Znaor A, Ruggieri D, Laversanne M, Alvarez CS, et al. International trends in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, 1978–2012. Int J Cancer. 2019;147: 317–30.

[25]

Bertuccio P, Turati F, Carioli G, Rodriguez T, La Vecchia C, Malvezzi M, et al. Global trends and predictions in hepatocellular carcinoma mortality. J Hepatol. 2017;67:302–9.

doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.03.011

[26]

Bruix J, Morris S. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology. 2011;53:1020–2.

doi: 10.1002/hep.24199

[27]

Bruix J, Gores G, Mazzaferro V. Hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical frontiers and perspectives. Gut. 2014;63:844–55.

doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306627

[28]

Llovet J, Sergio R, Vincenzo M, Philip H, Edward G, Frédéric Blanc J. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:378–90.

doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0708857

[29]

Dawkins J, Webster RM. The hepatocellular carcinoma market. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019 Jan;18(1):13–4.

doi: 10.1038/nrd.2018.146

[30]

Bruix J, Qin S, Merle P, Granito A, Huang YH, Bodoky G, et al. Regorafenib for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who progressed on sorafenib treatment (RESORCE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;389:56–66.

[31]

El-Khoueiry AB, Sangro B, Yau T, Crocenzi TS, Kudo M, Hsu C, et al. Nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 040): an open-label, noncomparative, phase 1/2 dose escalation and expansion trial. Lancet. 2017;389:2492–502.

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31046-2

[32]

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2018; 69:182–236.

doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019

[33]

Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, Zhu AX, Finn RS, Abecassis MM, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of liver diseases. Hepatology. 2018;68:723–50.

doi: 10.1002/hep.29913

[34]

Zhou J, Sun HC, Wang Z, Cong WM, Wang JH, Zeng MS, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer in China (2017 Edition). Liver Cancer. 2018;7:235–60.

doi: 10.1159/000488035

[35]

Department of Medical Administration; National Health and Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer in China (2019. Edition). Chin J Hepatol. 2020;28(2):112–28.

[36]

Hatooka M, Kawaoka T, Aikata H, Inagaki Y, Morio K, Nakahara T, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy followed by sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HICS 55): an open label, non-comparative, phase Ⅱ trial. BMC Cancer. 2018; 18(1):633.

doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-4519-y

[37]

Ikeda M, Shimizu S, Sato T, Morimoto M, Kojima Y, Inaba Y, et al. Sorafenib plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin versus sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: randomized phase Ⅱ trial. Ann Oncol. 2016;27:2090–6.

doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdw323

[38]

Ikeda M, Shimizu S, Sato T, Morimoto M, Kojima Y, Inaba Y, et al. Reply to the Letter to the editor 'Sorafenib plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin versus Sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: randomized phase Ⅱ trial' by Fornaro et al. Ann Oncol. 2017;28:903–4.

doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdx013

[39]

Song DS, Song MJ, Bae SH, Chung WJ, Jang JY, Kim YS, et al. A comparative study between sorafenib and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. J Gastroenterol. 2015 Apr;50(4):445–54.

doi: 10.1007/s00535-014-0978-3

[40]

Kudo M, Ueshima K, Yokosuka O, Ogasawara S, Obi S, Izumi N, et al. Sorafenib plus low-dose cisplatin and fluorouracil hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus sorafenib alone in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (SILIUS): a randomised, open label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3:424–32.

doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30078-5

[41]

Saeki I, Yamasaki T, Maeda M, Hisanaga T, Iwamoto T, Fujisawa K, et al. Treatment strategies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: sorafenib vs. hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. World J Hepatol. 2018;10(9):571–84.

doi: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i9.571

[42]

Japan Society of Hepatology Clinical practice guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma (2013 version). Kanehara, Tokyo, Japan, 2013. (in Japanese) An English translation of the guidelines is available at the following. Available from: http://www.jsh.or.jp/English/guidelines_en/Guidelines_for_hepatocellular_carcinoma_2013.

[43]

Obi S, Sato S, Kawai T. Current status of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Liver Cancer. 2015;4:188–99.

doi: 10.1159/000367746

[44]

Ueshima K, Kudo M, Takita M, Nagai T, Tatsumi C, Ueda T, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy using low-dose 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology. 2010;78(Suppl 1):148–53.

[45]

Okada S. Chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 1998; 45(Suppl 3):1259–63.

[46]

Obi S, Yoshida H, Toune R, Unuma T, Kanda M, Sato S, et al. Combination Therapy of intraarterial 5-fluorouracil and systemic interferon-alpha for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal venous invasion. Cancer. 2006;106:1990.

doi: 10.1002/cncr.21832

[47]

Yamashita T, Arai K, Sunagozaka H, Ueda T, Terashima T, Yamashita T, et al. Randomized, phase Ⅱ study comparing interferon combined with hepatic arterial infusion of fluorouracil plus cisplatin and fluorouracil alone in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology. 2011;81(5–6):281–90.

[48]

Monden M, Sakon M, Sakata Y, Ueda Y, Hashimura E; FAIT Research Group. 5-fluorouracil arterial infusion + interferon therapy for highly advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter, randomized, phase Ⅱ study. Hepatol Res. 2012;42:150–65.

doi: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2011.00905.x

[49]

Ikeda M, Okusaka T, Furuse J, Mitsunaga S, Ueno H, Yamaura H. A multi-institutional phase Ⅱ trial of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2013;72:463–70.

doi: 10.1007/s00280-013-2222-x

[50]

Ota H, Nagano H, Sakon M, Eguchi H, Kondo M, Yamamoto T, et al. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein thrombosis by combined therapy with subcutaneous interferon-α and intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil; role of type 1 interferon receptor expression. Br J Cancer. 2005; 93(5):557–64.

doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602742

[51]

Nouso K, Miyahara K, Uchida D, Kuwaki K, Izumi N, Omata M, et al. Effect of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in the Nationwide Survey of Primary Liver Cancer in Japan. Br J Cancer. 2013;109(7):1904–7.

doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.542

[52]

Kawaoka T, Aikata H, Kobayashi T, Uchikawa S, Ohya K, Kodama K, et al. Comparison of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy between 5-fluorouracil-based continuous infusion chemotherapy and low-dose cisplatin monotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res. 2018;48:1118–30.

doi: 10.1111/hepr.13232

[53]

Ueshima K, Kudo M, Tanaka M, Kumada T, Chung H, Hagiwara S, et al. Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ Study of sorafenib in combination with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy using low-dose cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. Liver Cancer. 2015;4:263–73.

doi: 10.1159/000367751

[54]

Yoshikawa M, Ono N, Yodono H, Ichida T, Nakamura H, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of hepatic arterial infusion of a fine-powder formulation of cisplatin for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res. 2008;38:474–83.

doi: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2008.00338.x

[55]

Kondo M, Morimoto M, Numata K, Nozaki A, Tanaka K. Hepatic arterial infusion therapy with a fine powder formulation of cisplatin for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2011;41(1):69–75.

doi: 10.1093/jjco/hyq145

[56]

Kim BK, Park JY, Choi HJ, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Kim JK, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin with or without 5-fluorouracil in locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011;137:659–67.

doi: 10.1007/s00432-010-0917-5

[57]

Ishikawa T, Kubota T, Abe S, Watanabe Y, Sugano T, Inoue R, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin before radical local treatment of early hepatocellular carcinoma (JIS score 0/1) improves survival. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:1379–84.

doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu155

[58]

Qin S, Bai Y, Lim HY, Thongprasert S, Chao Y, Fan J, et al. Randomized, multicenter, open-label study of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin versus doxorubicin as palliative chemotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma from Asia. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(28):3501–8.

doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.44.5643

[59]

Min HE, Le Y, Li QJ, Yu ZS, Li SH, Wei W, et al. Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy using mFOLFOX versus transarterial chemoembolization for massive unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma:a prospective non-randomized study. Chin J Cancer. 2017;36(1):83.

doi: 10.1186/s40880-017-0251-2

[60]

Ning L, Lin Y, Kong Y, Zhang Z, Liu L, Zheng L, et al. FOXAI:a phase Ⅱ trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut. 2018;67(2):391–5.

[61]

Lyu N, Kong Y, Mu L, Lin Y, Li J, Liu Y, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin vs. sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):60–9.

doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.02.008

[62]

Ando E, Tanaka M, Yamashita F, Kuromatsu R, Yutani S, Fukumori K, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis:analysis of 48 cases. Cancer. 2002;95(3):588–95.

doi: 10.1002/cncr.10694

[63]

Miaki D, Aikata H, Honda Y, Naeshiro N, Nakahara T, Tanaka M, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma according to Child-Pugh classification. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012; 27(12):1850–7

doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07276.x

[64]

Lee BH, Lee DS, Cho CW, Yun SS. Role and limitation of neoadjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in advanced hepatocelluar carcinoma patients with Child-Pugh class A. World J Surg Oncol. 2019;17:143.

doi: 10.1186/s12957-019-1685-6

[65]

Niizeki T, Sumi S, Torimura T, Kurogi J, Kuromatsu R, Iwamoto H, et al. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor as a predictor of response and survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. J Gastroenterol. 2012;47(6):686–95.

doi: 10.1007/s00535-012-0555-6

[66]

Ando E, Yamashita F, Tanaka M, Tanikawa K. A novel chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombosis of the main trunk of the portal vein. Cancer. 1997;79:1890–6.

doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970515)79:10<1890::AID-CNCR8>3.0.CO;2-K

[67]

Tajiri K, Kawai K, Minemura M, Yasumura S, Hosokawa A, Kawabe H, et al. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic indicator of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with arterial cisplatin plus continuous 5-fluorouracil. Hepatol Res. 2015;45(7):755–63.

doi: 10.1111/hepr.12417