Back Article

Labance B, Witteveen G. 2002. Keepers of the green: a history of golf course management. Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press. 268 pp

Hurdzan MJ. 2004. Golf greens: History, design, and construction. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 352 pp

Aylward L. 2010. How topdressing became an art: superintendents used to use wheelbarrows and shovels. How times have changed. Golfdom 66:38−40

Piper CV, Oakley RA. 1917. Turf for golf courses. New York: Macmillan

Green Section Staff. 1925. General treatment in the upkeep of greens. The Bulletin of the United States Golf Association Green Section 5:118

Bengeyfield WH. 1969. This year: Top-dress greens and see the difference. USGA Green Section Record 7:1−4

Carrow R. 1979. Topdressing: an essential management tool. Golf Course Management 47:26−32

Musser HB. 1950. Turf management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 354 pp

Cooper R. 2004. Refining your putting green topdressing program. North Carolina Turfgrass 14:16−17

Madison JH, Paul JL, Davis WB. 1974. Alternative method of greens management. In Proceedings of the Second International Turfgrass Research Conference, ed. Roberts EC. US: American Society of Agronomy, Inc. and the Crop Science Society of America, Inc. pp. 429–37. doi: 10.2135/1974.proc2ndintlturfgrass.c65

Zontek SJ. 1979. Is sand topdressing right for you? Golf Course Management 47(6):15−21

Hall JR. 1978. Avoid the temptation of sand topdressing. Mid-Atlantic Newsletter 31:3−5

Hummel NW. 1995. Topdressing for success. Cornell University Turfgrass Times 5:8−9

O'Brien P, Hartwiger C. 2003. Aeration and topdressing for the 21st century: Two old concepts are linked together to offer up-to-date recommendations. USGA Green Section Record 41:1−7

Beard JB. 2002. Turf management for golf courses. Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press. 793 pp

Kowalewski AR, Rogers JN III, Crum JR, Dunne JC. 2010. Sand topdressing applications improve shear strength and turfgrass density on trafficked athletic fields. HortTechnology 20:867−72

Inguagiato JC, Murphy JA, Clarke BB. 2012. Sand topdressing rate and interval effects on anthracnose severity of an annual bluegrass putting green. Crop Science 52:1406−15

Hempfling JW, Schmid CJ, Wang R, Clarke BB, Murphy JA. 2017. Best management practices effects on anthracnose disease of annual bluegrass. Crop Science 57:602−10

Gaussoin RE, Berndt WL, Dockrell CA, Drijber RA. 2013. Characterization, development, and management of organic matter in turfgrass systems. In Turfgrass: Biology, Use, and Management, eds Stier JC, Horgan BP, Bonos SA. US: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Crop Science Society of America. Volume 56. pp. 425–56. doi: 10.2134/agronmonogr56.c12

Christians NE. 2011. Fundamentals of turfgrass management, 4th edition. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons. 359 pp

Murphy JA. 2012. The size of topdressing sand: does it matter? USGA Green Section Record 50: 1–4

Wang R, Hempfling JW, Clarke BB, Murphy JA. 2018. Seasonal and annual topdressing effects on anthracnose of annual bluegrass. Agronomy Journal 110:2130−35

Wang R, Murphy JA, Giménez D. 2021. Velvet bentgrass putting green quality, water retention, and infiltration as affected by topdressing sand size and rate. Agronomy Journal 113:3857−70

Anonymous. 1977. Sand topdressing plan boosts infiltration rates. Golf Superintendent 45:68

McCarty LB, Gregg MF, Toler JE, Camberato JJ, Hill HS. 2005. Minimizing thatch and mat development in a newly seeded creeping bentgrass golf green. Crop Science 45:1529−35

Kauffman JM, Sorochan JC, Brosnan JT. 2011. Brushing plus vibratory rolling enhances topdressing incorporation on ultradwarf bermudagrass putting greens. Applied Turfgrass Science 8:1−8

United States Golf Association. 2018. USGA recommendations for a method of putting green construction. Far Hills, NJ: USGA.

Hempfling JW, Clarke BB, Murphy JA. 2015. Anthracnose disease on annual bluegrass as influenced by spring and summer topdressing. Crop Science 55:437−43

Wang R, Hempfling JW, Clarke BB, Murphy JA. 2020. Sand size affects topdressing removed by mowing and anthracnose on annual bluegrass putting green turf. HortScience 55:237−43

Moeller AC. 2008. Evaluation of putting green surface organic matter management programs. Thesis. Purdue Univeristy, US

Taylor DH. 1986. Points of caution: sand size for topdressing golf greens. Golf Course Management 54:50,52,54,58,60,62

Beard JB. 1973. Turfgrass: science and culture. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 658 pp

Ledeboer FB, Skogley CR. 1967. Investigations into the nature of thatch and methods for its decomposition. Agronomy Journal 59:320−23

Hurto KA, Turgeon AJ, Spomer LA. 1980. Physical characteristics of thatch as a turfgrass growing medium. Agronomy Journal 72:165−67

White RH, Dickens R. 1984. Thatch accumulation in bermudagrass as influenced by cultural practices. Agronomy Journal 76:19−22

Thompson WR, Ward CY. 1966. Prevent thatch accumulation of Tifgreen bermudagrass greens. The Golf Superintendent 34:20,38

Carrow RN. 2004. Surface organic matter in bermudagrass greens: a primary stress? Golf Course Management 72:102−05

Callahan LM, Sanders WL, Parham JM, Harper CA, Lester LD, et al. 1997. Comparative methods of measuring thatch on a creeping bentgrass green. Crop Science 37:230−34

Dalal RC, Allen DE, Chan KY, Singh BP. 2011. Soil organic matter, soil health and climate change. In Soil Health and Climate Change, eds Singh BP, Cowie AL, Chan KY. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. Vol 29. pp. 87–106 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-20256-8_5

Cotrufo MF, Soong JL, Horton AJ, Campbell EE, Haddix ML, et al. 2015. Formation of soil organic matter via biochemical and physical pathways of litter mass loss. Nature Geoscience 8:776−79

Cotrufo MF, Wallenstein MD, Boot CM, Denef K, Paul E. 2013. The Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization: do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter? Global Change Biology 19:988−95

Wang R, Mattox CM, Phillips CL, Kowalewski AR. 2022. Carbon sequestration in turfgrass–soil systems. Plants 11:2478

Qian Y, Follett RF. 2002. Assessing soil carbon sequestration in turfgrass systems using long-term soil testing data. Agronomy Journal 94:930−35

Evers M, de Kroon H, Visser E, de Caluwe H. 2020. Carbon accumulation of cool season sports turfgrass species in distinctive soil layers. Agronomy Journal 112:3435−49

McCarty LB, Gregg MF, Toler JE. 2007. Thatch and mat management in an established creeping bentgrass golf green. Agronomy Journal 99:1530−37

Stier JC, Hollman AB. 2003. Cultivation and topdressing requirements for thatch management in A and G bentgrasses and creeping bluegrass. HortScience 38:1227−31

Vavrek RC. 1995. A successful topdressing program requires consistency, commitment, and communication. USGA Green Section Record 33:8−10

Rieke PE, McElroy MT, Lee D. 1988. Turfgrass soil research report: [I. Topdressing programs and nitrogen fertility]. Proc. 58th Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference, Michigan, 1988. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. pp. 2–6

Espevig T, Molteberg B, Tronsmo AM, Tronsmo A, Aamlid TS. 2012. Thatch control in newly established velvet bentgrass putting greens in Scandinavia. Crop Science 52:371−82

Kauffman JM, Sorochan JC, Kopsell DA. 2013. Field sampling warm-season putting greens for thatch-mat depth and organic matter content. HortTechnology 23:369−75

Shaddox TW, Unruh JB. 2019. Correlating methods of measuring zoysiagrass thatch. Crop Science 59:792−99

Engel RE, Alderfer R. 1968. The effect of cultivation, topdressing, lime, nitrogen and wetting agent on thatch development in 1/4-inch bentgrass turf over a ten-year period. Report on Turfgrass Research at Rutgers University, Rutgers University, US. pp. 32–45

Rieke PE, McElroy MT, Lee D. 1988. Turfgrass soil research report: [II. Soil and peat as amendments for sand topdressing]. Proc. 58th Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference, Michigan, 1988. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University. pp. 4,6–8.

Barton L, Wan GGY, Buck RP, Colmer TD. 2009. Effectiveness of cultural thatch-mat controls for young and mature kikuyu turfgrass. Agronomy Journal 101:67−74

Carrow RN, Johnson BJ, Burns RE. 1987. Thatch and quality of Tifway bermudagrass turf in relation to fertility and cultivation. Agronomy Journal 79:524−30

Callahan LM, Sanders WL, Parham JM, Harper CA, Lester LD, et al. 1998. Cultural and chemical controls of thatch and their influence on rootzone nutrients in a bentgrass green. Crop Science 38:181−87

Beard JB. 1978. Topdressing overview. Proc. 48th Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference, 1978. 7: 36–39

Cooper R, Skogley C. 1981. Putting green and sand/soil responses to sand topdressing. USGA Green Section Record 19:8−13

Davis WB. 1977. Sands and your putting green. California Turfgrass Culture 27:31−32

Fermanian TW, Haley JE, Burns RE. 1985. The effects of sand topdressing on a heavily thatched creeping bentgrass turf. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal 5:439−48

Zontek SJ. 1983. Mismanagement in topdressing greens. Proc. 53rd Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference, Michigan, 1983. 12:82–84

Carrow RN. 2003. Surface organic matter in bentgrass greens. USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online 2:1−12

Motulsky HJ, Brown RE. 2006. Detecting outliers when fitting data with nonlinear regression – a new method based on robust nonlinear regression and the false discovery rate. BMC Bioinformatics 7:123

Carley DS, Goodman D, Sermons S, Shi W, Bowman D, et al. 2011. Soil organic matter accumulation in creeping bentgrass greens: a chronosequence with implications for management and carbon sequestration. Agronomy Journal 103:604−10

Glasgow A, Gibbs R, McAuliffe K, Liu C. 2005. An investigation of organic matter levels in New Zealand golf greens. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal 10:1078−84

Phillips CL, Wang R, Mattox C, Trammell TLE, Young J, et al. 2023. High soil carbon sequestration rates persist several decades in turfgrass systems: a meta-analysis. Science of The Total Environment 858:159974

von Haden AC, Yang WH, DeLucia EH. 2020. Soils' dirty little secret: depth-based comparisons can be inadequate for quantifying changes in soil organic carbon and other mineral soil properties. Global Change Biology 26:3759−70

Mu Y, Carroll MJ. 2013. Thatch and soil microbial activity in recently cultivated turfgrass. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal 12:567−74

Miller DE, Gardner WH. 1962. Water infiltration into stratified soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 26:115−19

Couillard A, Turgeon AJ, Shenk JS, Westerhaus MO. 1997. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for analysis of turf soil profiles. Crop Science 37:1554−59