| [1] |
Bhatt P, Bhandari G, Bilal M. 2022. Occurrence, toxicity impacts and mitigation of emerging micropollutants in the aquatic environments: recent tendencies and perspectives. |
| [2] |
Yuan Y, Jia H, Xu D, Wang J. 2023. Novel method in emerging environmental contaminants detection: fiber optic sensors based on microfluidic chips. |
| [3] |
Zhang Y, Li J, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Liu X. 2024. Artificial intelligence-based microfluidic platform for detecting contaminants in water: a review. |
| [4] |
Zhang Y, Li J, Jiao S, Li Y, Zhou Y, et al. 2024. Microfluidic sensors for the detection of emerging contaminants in water: a review. |
| [5] |
Picinini-Zambelli J, Garcia ALH, Da Silva J. 2025. Emerging pollutants in the aquatic environments: a review of genotoxic impacts. |
| [6] |
Pan H, Shi J, Xu D, Wang J, Ma Q. 2026. Environmental occurrence, ecological risks, and microbial interactions of p-chloro-m-xylenol: an emerging ubiquitous antimicrobial agent. |
| [7] |
Zhang X, Liu J, Zhan T, Yu H, Ma Q. 2025. Environmental concentrations of benzalkonium chloride promote the horizontal transfer of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes via natural transformation. |
| [8] |
Wang J, Zhao P, Wang J, Li S, Ma Q. 2025. Responses of microbial communities in coastal sediments exposed to triclocarban and triclosan. |
| [9] |
Kumar V, Hemavathy S, Huligowda LKD, Umesh M, Chakraborty P, et al. 2025. Environmental pollutants as emerging concerns for cardiac diseases: a review on their impacts on cardiac health. |
| [10] |
Biswas S, Gogoi P, Wilkinson M, Deka P, Das V, et al. 2025. Evaluating regulatory approaches to emerging pollutants. In Biotechnological Interventions in the Removal of Emerging Pollutants, eds Dey S, Bhattacharya S. Singapore: Springer. pp. 19–36 doi: 10.1007/978-981-97-9922-0_2 |
| [11] |
Zandaryaa S, Fares A, Eckstein G. 2025. Introduction—emerging pollutants in water: threats, challenges, and research needs. In Emerging Pollutants, eds Zandaryaa S, Fares A, Eckstein G. Cham: Springer. pp. 1–7 doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-71758-1_1 |
| [12] |
Götz R, Bauer OH, Friesel P, Roch K. 1998. Organic trace compounds in the water of the River Elbe near Hamburg Part II. |
| [13] |
Pereira WE, Hostettler FD. 1993. Nonpoint source contamination of the Mississippi River and its tributaries by herbicides. |
| [14] |
French VA, King SC, Kumar A, Northcott G, McGuinness K, et al. 2015. Characterisation of microcontaminants in Darwin Harbour, a tropical estuary of northern Australia undergoing rapid development. |
| [15] |
Costanzo SD, Watkinson AJ, Murby EJ, Kolpin DW, Sandstrom MW. 2007. Is there a risk associated with the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) commonly found in aquatic environments? |
| [16] |
Padhye LP, Yao H, Kung'u FT, Huang CH. 2014. Year-long evaluation on the occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disrupting chemicals in an urban drinking water treatment plant. |
| [17] |
Westerhoff P, Yoon Y, Snyder S, Wert E. 2005. Fate of endocrine-disruptor, pharmaceutical, and personal care product chemicals during simulated drinking water treatment processes. |
| [18] |
Kosek K, Luczkiewicz A, Fudala-Książek S, Jankowska K, Szopińska M, et al. 2020. Implementation of advanced micropollutants removal technologies in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) - examples and challenges based on selected EU countries. |
| [19] |
Yang Y, Ok YS, Kim KH, Kwon EE, Tsang YF. 2017. Occurrences and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking water and water/sewage treatment plants: a review. |
| [20] |
Ghali H, Albers SE. 2024. An updated review on the safety of N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide insect repellent use in children and the efficacy of natural alternatives. |
| [21] |
Martinez E, Vélez SM, Mayo M, Sastre MP. 2016. Acute toxicity assessment of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) on the oxygen flux of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium instriatum. |
| [22] |
Ricky R, Harini S, Shanthakumar S. 2025. Removal of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) using Chlorella vulgaris: a study on its tolerance limits and its effects on biochemical composition. |
| [23] |
Zhang H, Liu C, Sun Y, Tang S, Lei Y, et al. 2025. Toxicity assessment of N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) in zebrafish embryos. |
| [24] |
Lawrence JR, Waiser MJ, Swerhone GDW, Roy JL, Paule A, et al. 2019. N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide exposure at an environmentally relevant concentration influences river microbial community development. |
| [25] |
Golovko O, de Brito Anton L, Cascone C, Ahrens L, Lavonen E, et al. 2020. Sorption characteristics and removal efficiency of organic micropollutants in drinking water using granular activated carbon (GAC) in pilot-scale and full-scale tests. |
| [26] |
Choi S, Lee W, Son H, Lee W, Choi Y, et al. 2024. Occurrence, removal, and prioritization of organic micropollutants in four full-scale wastewater treatment plants in Korea. |
| [27] |
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 2013. DEET. Insect repellents: use and effectiveness. www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet |
| [28] |
Katz TM, Miller JH, Hebert AA. 2008. Insect repellents: historical perspectives and new developments. |
| [29] |
Lee Y, Kim SH, Montell C. 2010. Avoiding DEET through insect gustatory receptors. |
| [30] |
Lu W, Hwang JK, Zeng F, Leal WS. 2017. DEET as a feeding deterrent. |
| [31] |
Windheuser JJ, Haslam JL, Caldwell L, Shaffer RD. 1982. The use of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide to enhance dermal and transdermal delivery of drugs. |
| [32] |
Kondo S, Mizuno T, Sugimoto I. 1988. Effects of penetration enhancers on percutaneous absorption of nifedipine. Comparison between Deet and Azone. |
| [33] |
Di Lorenzo ML, Longo A. 2019. N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET): a mosquito repellent as functional plasticizer for poly(L-lactic acid). |
| [34] |
Dodson RA, Kalenak AP, Du Bois DR, Gill-Ljunghammer SL, Matzger AJ. 2020. N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) acts as a metal–organic framework synthesis solvent with phase-directing capabilities. |
| [35] |
Rani R, Kumar D. 2024. Recent advances in degradation of N,N-diethyl-3-toluamide (DEET)—an emerging environmental contaminant: a review. |
| [36] |
Global Growth Insights. 2025. Insect repellent market size, share, growth, and industry analysis, by types (vaporizers, spray, cream, others), by applications covered (kid, adult), regional insights and forecast to 2033. www.globalgrowthinsights.com/market-reports/insect-repellent-market-109465 |
| [37] |
Harburguer LV, Gonzalez PV. 2025. Mosquito repellents: a guide to the availability and effectiveness of commercial formulations in Argentina. |
| [38] |
Suppes LM, Huang CH, Lee WN, Brockman KJ. 2017. Sources of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in swimming pools. |
| [39] |
Weng S, Sun P, Ben W, Huang CH, Lee LT, et al. 2014. The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in swimming pools. |
| [40] |
Weigel S, Kuhlmann J, Hühnerfuss H. 2002. Drugs and personal care products as ubiquitous pollutants: occurrence and distribution of clofibric acid, caffeine and DEET in the North Sea. |
| [41] |
Wieck S, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. 2018. Not only biocidal products: Washing and cleaning agents and personal care products can act as further sources of biocidal active substances in wastewater. |
| [42] |
Hays SM, Kirman CR. 2023. Biomonitoring equivalents for N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). |
| [43] |
Selim S, Hartnagel RE Jr, Osimitz TG, Gabriel KL, Schoenig GP. 1995. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide following dermal application to human volunteers. |
| [44] |
Sui Q, Huang J, Deng S, Yu G, Fan Q. 2010. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals, caffeine and DEET in wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China. |
| [45] |
Yang X, Flowers RC, Weinberg HS, Singer PC. 2011. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in an advanced wastewater reclamation plant. |
| [46] |
Liu WR, Yang YY, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Zhang QQ, et al. 2018. Biocides in the river system of a highly urbanized region: a systematic investigation involving runoff input. |
| [47] |
Clarke BO, Anumol T, Barlaz M, Snyder SA. 2015. Investigating landfill leachate as a source of trace organic pollutants. |
| [48] |
Chen Y, Li M, Gao W, Guan Y, Hao Z, et al. 2024. Occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine-disrupting compounds in Chinese surface waters. |
| [49] |
Yang Y, Zhang X, Jiang J, Han J, Li W, et al. 2022. Which micropollutants in water environments deserve more attention globally? |
| [50] |
Sandstrom MW, Kolpin DW, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD. 2005. Widespread detection of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in U. S. Streams: comparison with concentrations of pesticides, personal care products, and other organic wastewater compounds. |
| [51] |
Gao X, Wang X, Li J, Ai S, Fu X, et al. 2020. Aquatic life criteria derivation and ecological risk assessment of DEET in China. |
| [52] |
Gandar A, Giraudo M, Perion T, Houël E, Noguer T, et al. 2025. Targeted and untargeted discovery of UV filters and emerging contaminants with environmental risk assessment on the Northwestern Mediterranean coast. |
| [53] |
Brumovský M, Bečanová J, Kohoutek J, Borghini M, Nizzetto L. 2017. Contaminants of emerging concern in the open sea waters of the Western Mediterranean. |
| [54] |
Loos R, Tavazzi S, Paracchini B, Canuti E, Weissteiner C. 2013. Analysis of polar organic contaminants in surface water of the northern Adriatic Sea by solid-phase extraction followed by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography–QTRAP® MS using a hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap instrument. |
| [55] |
Folorunsho O, Bogush A, Kourtchev I. 2025. Occurrence of emerging and persistent organic pollutants in the rivers Cam, Ouse and Thames, UK. |
| [56] |
Tóth G, Háhn J, Szoboszlay S, Harkai P, Farkas M, et al. 2022. Spatiotemporal analysis of multi-pesticide residues in the largest Central European shallow lake, Lake Balaton, and its sub-catchment area. |
| [57] |
Robinson RFA, Mills GA, Grabic R, Bořík A, Fones GR. 2024. Quantification and risk assessment of polar organic contaminants in two chalk streams in Hampshire, UK using the Chemcatcher passive sampler. |
| [58] |
Sridhar D, Parimalarenganayaki S. 2025. Evaluation of sources, spatial and temporal distribution, ecological and health risk associated with CAF (Caffeine) and DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) contamination in the urban groundwater parts of Vellore city, Tamilnadu, India. |
| [59] |
Loos R, Locoro G, Comero S, Contini S, Schwesig D, et al. 2010. Pan-European survey on the occurrence of selected polar organic persistent pollutants in ground water. |
| [60] |
Qian Y, Hu P, Lang-Yona N, Xu M, Guo C, et al. 2024. Global landfill leachate characteristics: occurrences and abundances of environmental contaminants and the microbiome. |
| [61] |
Andrews WJ, Masoner JR, Cozzarelli IM. 2012. Emerging contaminants at a closed and an operating landfill in Oklahoma. |
| [62] |
Kapelewska J, Kotowska U, Wiśniewska K. 2016. Determination of personal care products and hormones in leachate and groundwater from Polish MSW landfills by ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction and GC-MS. |
| [63] |
Oppeltová P, Vlček V, Geršl M, Chaloupský P, Ulrich O, et al. 2024. Occurrence and path pollution of emerging organic contaminants in mineral water of hranice hypogenic Karst. |
| [64] |
Sodré FF, Santana JS, Sampaio TR, Brandão CCS. 2018. Seasonal and spatial distribution of caffeine, atrazine, atenolol and DEET in surface and drinking waters from the Brazilian Federal District. |
| [65] |
Pintado-Herrera MG, Combi T, Corada-Fernández C, González-Mazo E, Lara-Martín PA. 2017. Occurrence and spatial distribution of legacy and emerging organic pollutants in marine sediments from the Atlantic coast (Andalusia, SW Spain). |
| [66] |
Golovko O, Rehrl AL, Köhler S, Ahrens L. 2020. Organic micropollutants in water and sediment from Lake Mälaren, Sweden. |
| [67] |
Teysseire FX, Cabana H, Huot Y, Segura PA. 2025. National scale assessment of the occurrence and risk of trace organic contaminants in Canadian Lake sediments. |
| [68] |
Masoner JR, Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Cozzarelli IM, Gray JL, et al. 2014. Contaminants of emerging concern in fresh leachate from landfills in the conterminous United States. |
| [69] |
Wu Y, Zhou S, Ye X, Chen D, Zheng K, et al. 2011. Transformation of pollutants in landfill leachate treated by a combined sequence batch reactor, coagulation, Fenton oxidation and biological aerated filter technology. |
| [70] |
Han Y, Hu LX, Liu T, Liu J, Wang YQ, et al. 2022. Non-target, suspect and target screening of chemicals of emerging concern in landfill leachates and groundwater in Guangzhou, South China. |
| [71] |
Yu X, Sui Q, Lyu S, Zhao W, Wu D, et al. 2021. Rainfall influences occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products in landfill leachates: evidence from seasonal variations and extreme rainfall episodes. |
| [72] |
Yi X, Tran NH, Yin T, He Y, Gin KY. 2017. Removal of selected PPCPs, EDCs, and antibiotic resistance genes in landfill leachate by a full-scale constructed wetlands system. |
| [73] |
Baderna D, Maggioni S, Boriani E, Gemma S, Molteni M, et al. 2011. A combined approach to investigate the toxicity of an industrial landfill's leachate: chemical analyses, risk assessment and in vitro assays. |
| [74] |
Nika MC, Ntaiou K, Elytis K, Thomaidi VS, Gatidou G, et al. 2020. Wide-scope target analysis of emerging contaminants in landfill leachates and risk assessment using Risk Quotient methodology. |
| [75] |
Coes AL, Paretti NV, Foreman WT, Iverson JL, Alvarez DA. 2014. Sampling trace organic compounds in water: a comparison of a continuous active sampler to continuous passive and discrete sampling methods. |
| [76] |
Veach AM, Bernot MJ. 2011. Temporal variation of pharmaceuticals in an urban and agriculturally influenced stream. |
| [77] |
Dong B, Kahl A, Cheng L, Vo H, Ruehl S, et al. 2015. Fate of trace organics in a wastewater effluent dependent stream. |
| [78] |
Kolpin DW, Blazer VS, Gray JL, Focazio MJ, Young JA, et al. 2013. Chemical contaminants in water and sediment near fish nesting sites in the Potomac River basin: determining potential exposures to smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu). |
| [79] |
De Gerónimo E, Aparicio VC, Bárbaro S, Portocarrero R, Jaime S, et al. 2014. Presence of pesticides in surface water from four sub-basins in Argentina. |
| [80] |
Alvarez DA, Maruya KA, Dodder NG, Lao W, Furlong ET, et al. 2014. Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern along the California coast (2009–10) using passive sampling devices. |
| [81] |
Writer JH, Barber LB, Brown GK, Taylor HE, Kiesling RL, et al. 2010. Anthropogenic tracers, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and endocrine disruption in Minnesota lakes. |
| [82] |
Zenobio JE, Sanchez BC, Leet JK, Archuleta LC, Sepúlveda MS. 2015. Presence and effects of pharmaceutical and personal care products on the Baca National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado. |
| [83] |
Oppenheimer J, Eaton A, Badruzzaman M, Haghani AW, Jacangelo JG. 2011. Occurrence and suitability of sucralose as an indicator compound of wastewater loading to surface waters in urbanized regions. |
| [84] |
Bernot MJ, Smith L, Frey J. 2013. Human and veterinary pharmaceutical abundance and transport in a rural central Indiana stream influenced by confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs). |
| [85] |
Klosterhaus SL, Grace R, Hamilton MC, Yee D. 2013. Method validation and reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and alkylphenols in surface waters, sediments, and mussels in an urban estuary. |
| [86] |
Merel S, Nikiforov AI, Snyder SA. 2015. Potential analytical interferences and seasonal variability in diethyltoluamide environmental monitoring programs. |
| [87] |
Anumol T, Snyder SA. 2015. Rapid analysis of trace organic compounds in water by automated online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. |
| [88] |
Bargar TA, Garrison VH, Alvarez DA, Echols KR. 2013. Contaminants assessment in the coral reefs of Virgin Islands National Park and Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument. |
| [89] |
Elliott SM, King KA, Krall AL, VanderMeulen DD. 2024. Trace organic contaminants in U. S. National Park surface waters: prevalence and ecological context. |
| [90] |
Dai G, Wang B, Huang J, Dong R, Deng S, et al. 2015. Occurrence and source apportionment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the Beiyun River of Beijing, China. |
| [91] |
Sun J, Luo Q, Wang D, Wang Z. 2015. Occurrences of pharmaceuticals in drinking water sources of major river watersheds, China. |
| [92] |
Zhu S, Chen H, Li J. 2013. Sources, distribution and potential risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Qingshan Lake basin, Eastern China. |
| [93] |
Liu WR, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Chen ZF, Yang YY, et al. 2015. Biocides in the Yangtze River of China: spatiotemporal distribution, mass load and risk assessment. |
| [94] |
Qi W, Müller B, Pernet-Coudrier B, Singer H, Liu H, et al. 2014. Organic micropollutants in the Yangtze River: seasonal occurrence and annual loads. |
| [95] |
Chen ZF, Ying GG, Liu YS, Zhang QQ, Zhao JL, et al. 2014. Triclosan as a surrogate for household biocides: an investigation into biocides in aquatic environments of a highly urbanized region. |
| [96] |
Wang Z, Zhang XH, Huang Y, Wang H. 2015. Comprehensive evaluation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in typical highly urbanized regions across China. |
| [97] |
Zhang NS, Liu YS, Van den Brink PJ, Price OR, Ying GG. 2015. Ecological risks of home and personal care products in the riverine environment of a rural region in South China without domestic wastewater treatment facilities. |
| [98] |
Ma R, Wang B, Yin L, Zhang Y, Deng S, et al. 2017. Characterization of pharmaceutically active compounds in Beijing, China: occurrence pattern, spatiotemporal distribution and its environmental implication. |
| [99] |
Zhang L, Zhang X, Liu C, Ma D, Wang H, et al. 2024. Distribution and ecological risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products with different anthropogenic pressures in typical watersheds in China. |
| [100] |
Dsikowitzky L, Dwiyitno, Heruwati E, Ariyani F, Irianto HE, et al. 2014. Exceptionally high concentrations of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in surface waters from Jakarta, Indonesia. |
| [101] |
Dsikowitzky L, Nordhaus I, Jennerjahn TC, Khrycheva P, Sivatharshan Y, et al. 2011. Anthropogenic organic contaminants in water, sediments and benthic organisms of the mangrove-fringed Segara Anakan Lagoon, Java, Indonesia. |
| [102] |
Sudaryanto A, Witama RO, Nosaki K, Tanoue R, Suciati F, et al. 2023. Occurrence of emerging contaminants in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia: pharmaceuticals and personal care products. |
| [103] |
You L, Nguyen VT, Pal A, Chen H, He Y, et al. 2015. Investigation of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine disrupting chemicals in a tropical urban catchment and the influence of environmental factors. |
| [104] |
Tran NH, Hu J, Ong SL. 2013. Simultaneous determination of PPCPs, EDCs, and artificial sweeteners in environmental water samples using a single-step SPE coupled with HPLC–MS/MS and isotope dilution. |
| [105] |
Yoon Y, Ryu J, Oh J, Choi BG, Snyder SA. 2010. Occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in the Han River (Seoul, South Korea). |
| [106] |
Rasmussen JJ, Baattrup-Pedersen A, Wiberg-Larsen P, McKnight US, Kronvang, B. 2011. Buffer strip width and agricultural pesticide contamination in Danish lowland streams: implications for stream and riparian management. |
| [107] |
Robles-Molina J, Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. 2014. Monitoring of selected priority and emerging contaminants in the Guadalquivir River and other related surface waters in the province of Jaén, South East Spain. |
| [108] |
Pintado-Herrera MG, González-Mazo E, Lara-Martín PA. 2014. Atmospheric pressure gas chromatography–time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (APGC–ToF-MS) for the determination of regulated and emerging contaminants in aqueous samples after stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). |
| [109] |
Dsikowitzky L, Botalova O, Illgut S, Bosowski S, Schwarzbauer J. 2015. Identification of characteristic organic contaminants in wastewaters from modern paper production sites and subsequent tracing in a river. |
| [110] |
Ruff M, Mueller MS, Loos M, Singer HP. 2015. Quantitative target and systematic non-target analysis of polar organic micro-pollutants along the river Rhine using high-resolution mass-spectrometry–identification of unknown sources and compounds. |
| [111] |
Calza P, Medana C, Raso E, Giancotti V, Minero C. 2011. N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide transformation in river water. |
| [112] |
Celano R, Piccinelli AL, Campone L, Rastrelli L. 2014. Ultra-preconcentration and determination of selected pharmaceutical and personal care products in different water matrices by solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction prior to ultra high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. |
| [113] |
Erdélyi N, Gere D, Engloner A, Vargha M. 2024. Temperature-driven and discharge-driven variability of organic micropollutants in a large urban river and its implications for risk-based monitoring. |
| [114] |
Dawood A, Drage DS, Harrad S, Abdallah MAE. 2024. Concentrations, partitioning and ecological risk of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in UK freshwater sediment. |
| [115] |
Choi Y, Kim K, Kim D, Moon HB, Jeon J. 2020. Ny-Ålesund-oriented organic pollutants in sewage effluent and receiving seawater in the Arctic region of Kongsfjorden. |
| [116] |
Rehrl AL, Golovko O, Ahrens L, Köhler S. 2020. Spatial and seasonal trends of organic micropollutants in Sweden's most important drinking water reservoir. |
| [117] |
Chebii F, K'oreje K, Okoth M, Lutta S, Masime P, et al. 2024. Occurrence and environmental risks of contaminants of emerging concern across the River Athi Basin, Kenya, in dry and wet seasons. |
| [118] |
Chandrajith R, Zwiener C, Daniel C, Amann K., Nanayakkara N, et al. 2025. Screening of micro-organic compounds in groundwater from areas with chronic kidney disease of unclear aetiology (CKDu) in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. |
| [119] |
Stuart ME, Lapworth DJ, Thomas J, Edwards L. 2014. Fingerprinting groundwater pollution in catchments with contrasting contaminant sources using microorganic compounds. |
| [120] |
Sorensen JPR, Lapworth DJ, Nkhuwa DC, Stuart ME, Gooddy DCW, et al. 2015. Emerging contaminants in urban groundwater sources in Africa. |
| [121] |
Motúzová T, Gavlová A, Smutná K, Řepecká L, Vráblová M. 2025. Environmental impact of DEET: monitoring in aquatic ecosystems and ecotoxicity assessment. |
| [122] |
Astuti MP, Notodarmojo S, Priadi CR, Padhye LP. 2023. Contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Indonesia. |
| [123] |
Rodil R, Quintana JB, Concha-Graña E, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, et al. 2012. Emerging pollutants in sewage, surface and drinking water in Galicia (NW Spain). |
| [124] |
Akinsulie OC, Idris I. 2024. Global re-emergence of dengue fever: the need for a rapid response and surveillance. |
| [125] |
WHO. 2019. World Malaria Report 2019. World Health Organization |
| [126] |
Zhang Y, Wang M, Huang M, Zhao J. 2024. Innovative strategies and challenges mosquito-borne disease control amidst climate change. |
| [127] |
DeGennaro M. 2015. The mysterious multi-modal repellency of DEET. |
| [128] |
Frommer RL, Carestia RR, Vavra RW Jr. 1975. Field evaluation of deet-treated mesh jacket against black flies (Simuliidae). |
| [129] |
Leal WS. 2014. The enigmatic reception of DEET - the gold standard of insect repellents. |
| [130] |
Koloski CW, LeMoine CMR, Klonowski AR, Smith CM, Cassone BJ. 2019. Molecular evidence for the inhibition of cytochrome p450s and cholinesterases in ticks by the repellent DEET. |
| [131] |
EPA. 1998. DEET reregistration eligibility decision factsheet. www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-080301_1-Apr-98.pdf |
| [132] |
Osimitz TG, Murphy JV, Fell LA, Page B. 2010. Adverse events associated with the use of insect repellents containing N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). |
| [133] |
Abou-Donia MB. 1996. Neurotoxicity resulting from coexposure to pyridostigmine bromide, deet, and permethrin: implications of Gulf War chemical exposures. |
| [134] |
Sudakin DL, Trevathan WR. 2003. DEET: a review and update of safety and risk in the general population. |
| [135] |
Zhu X, Liu W, Lin B, Qian H, Xu M, et al. 2025. From repellent to risk: DEET's adverse effects on hormones and bone health in kids. |
| [136] |
Liu CF, Chien LW. 2024. Associations between DEET, organophosphorus insecticides, and handgrip strength in diabetes: an NHANES analysis. |
| [137] |
Drakaki E, Stavros S, Konstantinou F, Mavrogianni D, Antonopoulou M, et al. 2024. Genotoxic effects of the insect repellent n, n-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) and detection of retinoblastoma gene expression in human lymphocytes: a pilot study. |
| [138] |
Picinini-Zambelli J, Garcia ALH., Borges MS, Serpa ET, da Silva FR, et al. 2025. Exposure to emerging water contaminants and human health risk: cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of caffeine and diethyltoluamide (DEET) on eukaryotic cells. |
| [139] |
Yang Y, Guo L, Li S, Zhang P. 2024. Association between percutaneous absorption of benzophenone-3 and N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide among the general adult population. |
| [140] |
Lee JT, Basak SK, Yang HH, Sullivan KA, Maxim T, et al. 2025. Synergistic cytotoxicity of permethrin and N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide on sinonasal epithelial cells. |
| [141] |
Tisch M, Schmezer P, Faulde M, Groh A, Maier H. 2002. Genotoxicity studies on permethrin, DEET and diazinon in primary human nasal mucosal cells. |
| [142] |
Slaninova A, Modra H, Hostovsky M, Sisperova E, Blahova J, et al. 2014. Effects of subchronic exposure to N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide on selected biomarkers in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). |
| [143] |
Edwards MA, Kimbrough K, Fuller N, Davenport E, Rider M, et al. 2024. An assessment and characterization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) within the Great Lakes Basin: Mussel Watch Program (2013−2018). |
| [144] |
Rodríguez-Aguilar BA, Peregrina-Lucano AA, Ceballos-Magaña SG, Rodríguez-García A, Calderon R, et al. 2024. Spatiotemporal variability of pesticides concentration in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and their honey from western Mexico. Risk assessment for honey consumption. |
| [145] |
Porsbring T, Arrhenius Å, Backhaus T, Kuylenstierna M, Scholze M, et al. 2007. The SWIFT periphyton test for high-capacity assessments of toxicant effects on microalgal community development. |
| [146] |
Sabater S, Guasch H, Ricart M, Romaní A, Vidal G, et al. 2007. Monitoring the effect of chemicals on biological communities. The biofilm as an interface. |
| [147] |
Lopez C, Nnorom MA, Tsang YF, Knapp CW. 2021. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products' (PPCPs) impact on enriched nitrifying cultures. |
| [148] |
Kalaycı S, Demirci S, Sahin F. 2014. Determination of antimicrobial properties of picaridin and DEET against a broad range of microorganisms. |
| [149] |
ECB. 2003. Technical guidance document on risk assessment: Part II. Technical Report, EUR 20418 EN/2. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. (Accessed on 8, 7, 2025) https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/196375 |
| [150] |
Sun HQ, Du Y, Zhang ZY, Jiang WJ, Guo YM, et al. 2016. Acute toxicity and ecological risk assessment of benzophenone and N,N-diethyl-3 methylbenzamide in personal care products. |
| [151] |
Merel S, Snyder SA. 2016. Critical assessment of the ubiquitous occurrence and fate of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in water. |
| [152] |
Liu WR, Yang YY, Liu YS, Zhang LJ, Zhao JL, et al. 2017. Biocides in wastewater treatment plants: mass balance analysis and pollution load estimation. |
| [153] |
Peng FJ, Feng XJ, Li S, Yu XL, Chen J, et al. 2025. Removal of emerging organic contaminants in a subsurface wastewater infiltration system: a preliminary study of microbial mechanism. |
| [154] |
Geiling EL. 2015. Removal of the micropollutants DEET and DEP in biological grey water treatment and the effect of DEP on microbiological processes. Master's thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway. pp. 51−52 |
| [155] |
Xu M, Yan S, Sun S, Ni Z, Wu W, et al. 2022. N, N -diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) degradation by •OH and SO4•−-assisted AOPs in wastewater treatment: Theoretical studies into mechanisms, kinetics and toxicity. |
| [156] |
Son JH, Wang WL, Liu PH, Lee JW, Lee MY, et al. 2025. The combination of ozone and Mn(II) for efficient removal of ozone-resistant N, N-diethyl-3-toluamide. |
| [157] |
Piekutin J, Bolińska MI, Kotowska U, Koszelnik P, Puchlik M. 2025. Research of the possibility of removing organic pollutants from water by membrane methods and purification of the obtained concentrate by chemical methods. |
| [158] |
Cai A, Deng J, Ye C, Zhu T, Ling X, et al. 2022. Highly efficient removal of DEET by UV-LED irradiation in the presence of iron-containing coagulant. |
| [159] |
Wani AK, Akhtar N, Sher F, Navarrete AA, Américo-Pinheiro JHP. 2022. Microbial adaptation to different environmental conditions: molecular perspective of evolved genetic and cellular systems. |
| [160] |
Seller-Brison C, Brison A, Yu Y, Robinson SL, Fenner K. 2024. Adaptation towards catabolic biodegradation of trace organic contaminants in activated sludge. |
| [161] |
Li C, Zhu L, Axe L, Li M. 2025. Acclimation of sludge-derived biofilms for effective removal of emerging contaminants: impacts of inoculum source and carbon supplementation. |
| [162] |
Dong W, Sun SP, Yang X, Zhou K, Li Y, et al. 2019. Enhanced emerging pharmaceuticals removal in wastewater after biotreatment by a low-pressure UVA/FeIII-EDDS/H2O2 process under neutral pH conditions. |
| [163] |
Foolad M, Hu J, Tran NH, Ong SL. 2016. Sorption and biodegradation characteristics of the selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products onto tropical soil. |
| [164] |
Harb M, Wei CH, Wang N, Amy G, Hong PY. 2016. Organic micropollutants in aerobic and anaerobic membrane bioreactors: changes in microbial communities and gene expression. |
| [165] |
Seo J, Lee YG, Kim SD, Cha CJ, Ahn JH, et al. 2005. Biodegradation of the insecticide N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide by fungi: identification and toxicity of metabolites. |
| [166] |
Rivera-Cancel G, Sanders JM, Hay AG. 2012. Kinetics of hydrolysis and mutational analysis of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide hydrolase from Pseudomonas putida DTB. |
| [167] |
Rivera-Cancel G, Bocioaga D, Hay AG. 2007. Bacterial degradation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET): cloning and heterologous expression of DEET hydrolase. |
| [168] |
Steenkamp DJ, Mallinson J. 1976. Trimethylamine dehydrogenase from a methylotrophic bacterium. I. Isolation and steady-state kinetics. |
| [169] |
Helbling DE, Hollender J, Kohler HE, Singer H, Fenner K. 2010. High-throughput identification of microbial transformation products of organic micropollutants. |
| [170] |
Bilal M, Adeel M, Rasheed T, Zhao Y, Iqbal HMN. 2019. Emerging contaminants of high concern and their enzyme-assisted biodegradation–a review. |
| [171] |
Bilal M, Rasheed T, Zhao Y, Iqbal HMN. 2019. Agarose-chitosan hydrogel-immobilized horseradish peroxidase with sustainable bio-catalytic and dye degradation properties. |
| [172] |
Bilal M, Rasheed T, Iqbal HMN, Yan Y. 2018. Peroxidases-assisted removal of environmentally-related hazardous pollutants with reference to the reaction mechanisms of industrial dyes. |
| [173] |
Tran NH, Hu J, Urase T. 2013. Removal of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) by laccase-mediated systems. |
| [174] |
Van Brenk B, Kleijburg FEL, Kemperman AJB, van der Meer WGJ. 2024. Wösten HAB. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic removal of organic micropollutants with spent mushroom substrate of Agaricus bisporus. |