|
Anderson NH, 1991. Information Integration Theory, Erlbaum. |
|
Bass BM, Cascio WF and O'Connor EJ.1974. “Magnitude estimation of expressions of frequency and amount” Journal of Applied Psychology59313–320. |
|
Behn RD and Vaupel JW, 1982. Quick Analysis for Busy Decision Makers, Basic. |
|
Beyth-Marom R, 1982. “How probable is probable? A numerical translation of verbal probability expressions” Journal of Forecasting1257–269. |
|
Bonissone PP and Decker KS, 1987. “Selecting uncertainty calculi and granularity: An experiment in trading off precision and complexity” In: Kanal LN and Lemmer JF (eds.), Uncertainty and Artificial Intelligence, Elsevier. |
|
Bortolan G and Degani R, 1985. “A review of some methods for ranking fuzzy subsets” Fuzzy Sets and Systems151–19. |
|
Brackner JW, 1985. “How to report contingent losses in financial statements?” Journal of Business Forecasting413–18. |
|
Bradburn NM and Miles C, 1979. “Vague quantifiers” Public Opinion Quarterly4392–101. |
|
Brun W and Teigen KH, 1988. “Verbal probabilities: Ambiguous, context-dependent, or both?” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes41390–404. |
|
Bryant and Norman , 1980. “Expressions of probability: Words and Numbers” New England Journal of Medicine302411. |
|
Budescu DV and Wallsten TS, 1985. “Consistency in interpretation of probabilistic phrases” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes36391–405. |
|
Budescu DV and Wallsten TS1987. “Subjective estimation of precise and vague uncertainties In: Wright G and Ayton P. (eds.), Judgmental Forecasting, pp 63–81, Wiley. |
|
Budescu DV and Wallsten TS, 1990. “Dyadic decisions with verbal and numerical probabilities” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes46240–263. |
|
Budescu DV and Wallsten TS (in press). “Processing linguistic probabilities: general principles and empirical evidence” In: Busemeyer JR, Hastie R and Medin DL (eds.), Decision Making from the Perspective of Cognitive Psychology, Academic Press. |
|
Budescu DV, Weinberg S and Wallsten TS, 1988. “Decisions based on numerically and verbally expressed uncertainties” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance14281–294. |
|
Budescu DV, Zwick R, Wallsten TS and Erev I, 1990. “Integration of linguistic probabilities” International Journal of Man–Machine Studies33657–676. |
|
Camerer C and Weber M, 1992. “Recent developments in modeling preferences: Uncertainty and ambiguity” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty5325–370. |
|
Chesley GR, 1985. “Interpretation of uncertainty expressions” Contemporary Accounting Research2179–199. |
|
Clark DA, 1990. “Verbal uncertainty expressions: A review of two decades of research” Current Psychology: Research and Reviews9203–235. |
|
Clarke VA, Ruffin CL, Hill DJ and Beamen AL, 1992. “Ratings of orally presented verbal expressions of probability by a heterogeneous sample” Journal of Applied Social Psychology22638–656. |
|
Cliff N, 1959. “Adverbs as multipliers” Psychological Review6627–44. |
|
Cohen BL and Wallsten TS, 1992. “The effect of constant outcome value on judgments and decision making given linguistic probabilities” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making553–72. |
|
Curley SP and Yates JF, 1985. “The center and range of the probability interval as factors affecting ambiguity preferences” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes36273–287. |
|
Degani R and Bortolan G, 1988. “The problem of linguistic approximation in clinical decision making” International Journal of Approximate Reasoning2143–162. |
|
DeGroot MH, 1970. Optimal Statistical Decisions, McGraw-Hill. |
|
Einhorn HJ and Hogarth RM, 1985. “Ambiguity and uncertainty in probabilistic inference” Psychological Review92433–461. |
|
Ellsberg D, 1961. “Risk, ambiguity, and the Savage axioms” Quarterly Journal of Economics75643–669. |
|
Erev I and Cohen BL, 1990. “Verbal versus numerical probabilities: Efficiency, biases, and the preference paradox” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes451–18. |
|
Erev I, Wallsten TS and Budescu DV, 1994. “Simultaneous over- and underconfidence: The role of error in judgment processes” Psychological Review101519–527. |
|
Erev I, Wallsten TS and Neal M, 1991. “Vagueness, ambiguity, and the cost of mutual understanding” Psychological Science2321–324. |
|
Farkas A and Makai-Csasar M, 1988. “Communication or dialogue of deafs: Pitfalls of use of fuzzy quantifiers” In: Second Network Seminar of the International Union of Psychological Science, North- Holland. |
|
Fillenbaum S, Wallsten TS, Cohen B and Cox JA, 1991. “Some effects of vocabulary and communication task on the understanding and use of vague probability expressions” American Journal of Psychology10435–60. |
|
Gärdenfors P and Sahlin NE, 1982. “Unreliable probabilities, risk taking, and decision making” Synthese53361–386. |
|
González-Vallejo CC, Erev I and Wallsten TS, 1994. “Do decision quality and preference order depend on whether probabilities are verbal or numerical?” American Journal of Psychology107157–172. |
|
González-Vallejo CC and Wallsten TS, 1992. “Effects of probability mode on preference reversal” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, ' Cognition18855–864. |
|
Grether DM and Plott CR, 1979. “Economic theory of choice and the preference reversal phenomenon” American Economic Review69623–638. |
|
Hamm RM, 1991. “Selection of verbal probabilities: A solution for some problems of verbal probability expression” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes48193–223. |
|
Hammerton M, 1976. “How much is a large part?” Applied Ergonomics710–12. |
|
Holyoak KJ, 1978. “Comparative judgments with numerical reference points” Cognitive Psychology10203–243. |
|
Holyoak KJ and Glass AL, 1978. “Recognition confusions among quantifiers” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior17249–264. |
|
Jaffe-Katz A, Budescu DV and Wallsten TS, 1989. “Timed magnitude comparisons of numerical and nonnumerical expressions of uncertainty” Memory and Cognition17249–264. |
|
Johnson EM, 1973. “Numerical encoding of qualitative expressions of uncertainty” (Tech. paper No. 250), U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. |
|
Johnson EM and Huber GP, 1977. “The technology of utility assessmentIEEE Translations oil Systems, Man and Cybernetics7311–325. |
|
Kadane JB, 1990. “Comment: Codifying chance” Statistical Science518–20. |
|
Keynes JM, 1921. A Treatise on Probability, Macmillan. |
|
Knight FH, 1921. Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit, University of Chicago Press. |
|
Kong A, Barnett GO, Mosteller F and Youtz C, 1986. “How medical professionals evaluate expressions of probability” The New England Journal of Medicine315740–744. |
|
Lichtenstein S, Fischhoff B and Phillips LD, 1982. “Calibration of probabilities: The state of the art to 1980” In: Kahneman D, Slovic P and Tversky A (eds.), Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, pp 306–334, Cambridge University Press. |
|
Lichtenstein S and Newman JR, 1967. “Empirical scaling of common verbal phrases associated with numerical probabilities” Psychonomic Science9563–564. |
|
López de Mántaras R, Meseguer P, Sanz F, Sierra C and Verdaguer A, 1988. “A fuzzy logic approach to the management of linguistically expressed uncertainty” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and cybernetics144–151. |
|
Krause P and Clark D, 1993. Representing Uncertain Knowledge: An artificial intelligence approach, Intellect. |
|
Mapes , 1979. “Verbal and numerical estimates of probability terms” Journal of General Internal Medicine6237. |
|
Marshall E, 1986. “Feynman issues his own shuttle report, attacking NASA's risk estimates” Science2321596. |
|
Marshall E, 1988. “Academy panel faults NASA's safety analysis” Science2391233. |
|
Merz JF, Druzdzel MJ and Mazur DJ, 1991. “Verbal expressions of probability in informed consent litigation” Journal of Medical Decision Making11273–281. |
|
Moore PG, 1977. “The manager's struggle with uncertainty” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society140129–165. |
|
Moore PG and Thomas H, 1975. “Measuring uncertainty” The International Journal of Managememu Science3657. |
|
Mosier CI, 1941. “A psychometric study of meaning” Journal of Social Psychology3931–36. |
|
Mosteller F and Youtz C, 1990. “Quantifying probabilistic expressions” Statistical Science52–16. |
|
Moxey LM and Sanford AJ, 1993. Communicating Quantities: A Psychological Perspective, Lawrence Erlbaum. |
|
Mullet E, and Rivet I, 1991. “Comprehension of verbal probability expressions in children and adolescents” Language and Communication11217–225. |
|
Murphy AH and Brown BG, 1983. “Forecast terminology: Composition and interpretation of public weather forecasts” Bulletin of tile American Meteorological Society6413–22. |
|
Murphy AH, Lichtenstein S, Fischhoff B and Winkler RL, 1980. “Misinterpretations of precipitation probability forecasts” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society61695–701. |
|
Nakao and Axelrod , 1983. “Numbers are better than words: Verbal specifications of frequency have no place in medicine” American Journal of Medicine741061. |
|
National Weather Service, 1984. Weather Service Operations Manual. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. |
|
Newstead SE, 1988. “Quantifiers as fuzzy concepts” In: Zetenyl T (eds.), Fuzzy Sets in Psychology, pp 51–72, Elsevier Science. |
|
Norwich AM and Turksen IB, 1984. “A model for the measurement of membership and the consequences of its empirical implementation” Fuzzy Sets and Systems121–25. |
|
Parciucci A, 1968. “How often is often” American Psychologist23828. |
|
Pepper S, 1981. “Problems in the quantification of frequency expression” In: Fiske DW (ed.), New Directions for Methodology of Social and Behavioral ScienceJossey- Bass. |
|
Pepper S and Prytulak LS, 1974. “Sometimes frequently means seldom: Context effects in the interpretation of quantitative expressionsJournal of Research in Personality895–101. |
|
Rapoport A, Wallsten TS and Cox JA, 1987. “Direct and indirect scaling of membership functions of probability phrases” Mathematical Modelling9397–417. |
|
Rapoport A, Wallsten TS, Erev I and Cohen BL, 1990. “Revision of opinion with verbally and numerically expressed uncertainties” Acta Psychologica7461–79. |
|
Reagan RT, Mosteller F and Youtz C, 1989. “Quantitative meanings of verbal probability expressions” Journal of Applied Psychology74433–442. |
|
Reyna VF, 1981. “The language of possibility and probability: Effects of negation on meaning” Memory ' Cognition9642–650. |
|
Rubin DC, 1979. “On measuring fuzziness: A comment on 'a fuzzy set approach to modifiers and vagueness in natural language” Journal of Experimeiital Psychology: General108486–489. |
|
Schkade DA and Kleinmuntz DN, 1994. “Information displays and choice processes: Differential effects of organization, form, and sequence” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes57319–337. |
|
Shapiro AJ and Wallsten TS, 1994. “Base rate effects on interpreting verbally and numerically communicated probabilities” Working paper. |
|
Simpson RH, 1944. “The specific meanings of certain terms indicating differing degrees of frequencyQuarterly Journal of Speech30328–330. |
|
Stone DN and Schkade DA, 1991. “Numeric and linguistic information representation in multiattribute choice” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes4942–59. |
|
Sutherland HJ, Lockwood GA, Tritchler DL and Scm F, 1991. “Communicating probabilistic information to cancer patients: Is there ‘noise’ on the line?” Social Science and Medicine32725–731. |
|
Svenson O and Karlson G, 1986. “Attractiveness of decision alternatives characterized by numerical and non-numerical informationScandinavian Journal of Psychology2774–84. |
|
Teigen KH, 1988a. “When are low-probability events judged to be ‘probable’? Effects of outcome-set characteristics on verbal probability estimates” A cta Psychologica67157–174. |
|
Teigen KH, 1988b. “The language of uncertainty” Ada Psychologica6827–38. |
|
Teigen KH and Brun W, 1993. “Yes, but it is uncertain: Direction and communicative intention of verbal probabilistic terms” SPUDM-14, Aix-en Provence, France. |
|
Tsao CJ and Wallsten TS, 1994. “Effects of the number of outcomes on the interpretation and selection of verbal and numerical probabilities in dyadic decisions”. Working paper. |
|
Tversky A, Sattath S and Slovic P, 1988. “Contingent weighting in judgment and choice” Psychological Review95371–384. |
|
Vesely WE and Rasmuson DM, 1984. “Uncertainties in nuclear probabilistic risk analysis” Risk Analysis4313–322. |
|
von Winterfeldt D and Edwards W, 1986. Decision Analysis and Behavioral Research, Cambridge University Press. |
|
Wallsten TS, 1971. “Subjectively expected utility theory and subjects' probability estimates: Use of measurement-free techniques” Journal of Experimental Psychology8831–40. |
|
Wallsten TS, 1990. “Measuring vague uncertainties and understanding their use in decision making” In: Furstenberg GM von (ed.), Acting under Uncertainty pp 377–398, Kluwer. |
|
Wallsten TS, Budescu DV and Erev I, 1988. “Understanding and using linguistic uncertainties” Acta Psychologica6839–52. |
|
Wallsten TS, Budescu DV, Rapoport A, Zwick R and Forsyth BH, 1986. “Measuring the vague meanings of probability terms” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General115348–365. |
|
Wallsten TS, Budescu DV and Tsao CJ, 1994. “Combining linguistic probabilities” Symposiumn on Qualitative Aspects of Decision Making, Regensburg, Germany, 07 20 1994. |
|
Wallsten TS, Budescu DV and Zwick R, 1993. “Comparing the calibration and coherence numerical and verbal probability judgments” Management Science39176–190. |
|
Wallsten TS, Budescu DV, Zwick R and Kemp SM, 1993. “Preference and reasons for communicating probabilistic information in numerical or verbal terms” Bulletin of the Psychonomnic Society31135–138. |
|
Wallsten TS, Filenbaum S and Cox JA, 1986. “Base rate effects on the interpretations of probability and frequency expressions” Journal of Memory and Language25571–587. |
|
Weber EU, 1988. “A descriptive measure of risk” Acta Psychologica69185–203. |
|
Weber EU and Bottom WP, 1989. “Axiomatic measures of perceived risk: Some tests and extensions” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making2113–131. |
|
Webber EU and Hilton DJ, 1990 “Contextual effects in the interpretations of probability words: Perceived base rate and severity of events” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance16781–789. |
|
Wright GN, Phillips LD, Whalley PC, Choo GT, Ng KO, Tan I and Wisudha A, 1978. “Cultural differences in probabilistic thinking” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology9285–299. |
|
Wyden P, 1979. Bay of Pigs, Simon & Schuster. |
|
Yager RR, 1981. “A procedure for ordering fuzzy sets on the unit interval” Information Sciences24143–161. |
|
Yates JF, Zhu Y, Ronis DL, Wang DF, Shinotsuka H and Toda M, 1989. “Probability judgment accuracy: China, Japan, and the United States” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes43145–171. |
|
Zimmer AC, 1983. “Verbal vs. numerical processing of subjective probabilities” In: RW Scholz (ed.), Decision Making Under Uncertainty, Elsevier. |
|
Zwick R, 1987. “Combining stochastic uncertainty and linguistic inexactness: Theory kind experimental evaluation”. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. |
|
Zwick R, Budescu DV and Wallsten TS, 1988. “An empirical study of the integration of linguistic probabilities” In: Zetenyi T (ed.), Fuzzy Set Theory in Psychology, pp 91–125, North Holland. |
|
Zwick R, Carlstein E and Budescu DV, 1987. “Measures of similarity among fuzzy concepts: A comparative analysis” International Journal of Approximate Reasoning1221–242. |
|
Zwick R and Wallsten TS, 1989. “Combining stochastic and linguistic inexactness: Theory and experimental evaluation of four fuzzy probability models” International Journal of Man–Machine Studies3069–111. |