[1]

Migliavacca M, Grassi G, Bastos A, Ceccherini G, Ciais P, et al. 2025. Securing the forest carbon sink for the European Union's climate ambition. Nature 643(8074):1203−1213

doi: 10.1038/S41586-025-08967-3
[2]

Ciais P, Tan J, Wang X, Roedenbeck C, Chevallier F, et al. 2019. Five decades of northern land carbon uptake revealed by the interhemispheric CO2 gradient. Nature 568(7751):221−225

doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1078-6
[3]

Bonan GB. 2008. Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science 320(5882):1444−1449

doi: 10.1126/science.1155121
[4]

Sun W, Liu X. 2019. Review on carbon storage estimation of forest ecosystem and applications in China. Forest Ecosystems 7(1):4

doi: 10.1186/s40663-019-0210-2
[5]

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 2015. The paris agreement. 21st Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, 30 November–11 December 2015, Paris, France. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/parisagreement_publication.pdf

[6]

Ma YQ, Li JH, Cao W, Huang L. 2025. Grain for green program to grassland might lead to carbon sink leakage in the Loess Plateau. Earth's Future 13(4):e2024EF005261

doi: 10.1029/2024EF005261
[7]

Yang J, Fang C, Zhang L, Yang Y. 2025. Carbon sink potential and contributions to dual carbon goals of the grain for green program in the arid regions of Northwest China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 220:108355

doi: 10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2025.108355
[8]

Ma Y, Huang L, Li J, Cao W, Cai Y. 2024. Carbon potential of China's Grain to Green Program and its contribution to the carbon target. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 200:107272

doi: 10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2023.107272
[9]

Yang F, Xu X, Lin G. 2025. An experimental study on the erosion mitigation impact of biological soil crusts in Pisha sandstone area. Catena 254:108987

doi: 10.1016/J.CATENA.2025.108987
[10]

Liang Z, Wu Z, Yao W, Noori M, Yang C, et al. 2019. Pisha sandstone: Causes, processes and erosion options for its control and prospects. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7(1):1−8

doi: 10.1016/j.iswcr.2018.11.001
[11]

Hu J, Ren Y, Tang M, Zhang Z, Yang K, et al. 2025. Effects of vegetation restoration on infiltration patterns and preferential flow in semi-arid areas with shallowly buried soft bedrock (Pisha sandstone) in China. Journal of Hydrology 661:133546

doi: 10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2025.133546
[12]

Yang K, Zhang Z, Tang M, Ren Y, Hu J, et al. 2024. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) plantation degradation aggravates microbial metabolic C and P limitations on the Northern Loess Plateau in China. Science of the Total Environment 945:174088

doi: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2024.174088
[13]

Gao P, Ye G, Guo S, Ma Y, Zhang Y, et al. 2025. Environmental factors drive the changes of bacterial structure and functional diversity in rhizosphere soil of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis rousi in arid regions of northwest China. Microorganisms 13(8):1860

doi: 10.3390/MICROORGANISMS13081860
[14]

Yang D, Huang X, She D, Fang N, Ni L, et al. 2024. Revegetation of sloping land significantly reduces SOC loss via erosion on the Loess Plateau. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 376:109225

doi: 10.1016/J.AGEE.2024.109225
[15]

Liu Y, Liu H, Xu W, Wang L, Wang Q, et al. 2024. Advances and challenges of carbon storage estimation in tea plantation. Ecological Informatics 81:102616

doi: 10.1016/J.ECOINF.2024.102616
[16]

Jiang X, Li D, Li G, Lu D. 2023. Eucalyptus carbon stock estimation in subtropical regions with the modeling strategy of sample plots–airborne LiDAR–Landsat time series data. Forest Ecosystems 10:100149

doi: 10.1016/J.FECS.2023.100149
[17]

Zhang X. 2019. Quick aboveground carbon stock estimation of densely planted shrubs by using point cloud derived from unmanned aerial vehicle. Remote Sensing 11(24):2914

doi: 10.3390/rs11242914
[18]

Shiferaw H, Kassawmar T, Zeleke G. 2022. Above and belowground woody-biomass and carbon stock estimations at Kunzila watershed, Northwest Ethiopia. Trees, Forests and People 7:100204

doi: 10.1016/J.TFP.2022.100204
[19]

Potash E, Guan K, Margenot AJ, Lee D, Boe A, et al. 2023. Multi-site evaluation of stratified and balanced sampling of soil organic carbon stocks in agricultural fields. Geoderma 438:116587

doi: 10.1016/J.GEODERMA.2023.116587
[20]

Francaviglia R, Renzi G, Doro L, Parras-Alcántara L, Lozano-García B, et al. 2017. Soil sampling approaches in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems. Influence on soil organic carbon stocks. Catena 158:113−120

doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2017.06.014
[21]

Lu F, Hu H, Sun W, Zhu J, Liu G, et al. 2018. Effects of national ecological restoration projects on carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115(16):4039−4044

doi: 10.1073/pnas.1700294115
[22]

Cao S, Sanchez-Azofeifa G, Duran S, Calvo-Rodriguez S. 2016. Estimation of aboveground net primary productivity in secondary tropical dry forests using the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach (CASA) model. Environmental Research Letters 11(7):075004

doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/075004
[23]

Song S, Niu J, Singh SK, Du T. 2023. Projection of net primary production under changing environment in Xinjiang using an improved wCASA model. Journal of Hydrology 620:129314

doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129314
[24]

Zhang M, Yuan N, Lin H, Liu Y, Zhang H. 2022. Quantitative estimation of the factors impacting spatiotemporal variation in NPP in the Dongting Lake wetlands using Landsat time series data for the last two decades. Ecological Indicators 135:108544

doi: 10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2022.108544
[25]

Qiu S, Liang L, Wang Q, Geng D, Wu J, et al. 2023. Estimation of European terrestrial ecosystem NEP based on an improved CASA model. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 16:1244−1255

doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3233128
[26]

Dai E, Huang Y, Wu Z, Zhao D. 2016. Analysis of spatio-temporal features of a carbon source/sink and its relationship to climatic factors in the Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem. Journal of Geographical Sciences 26(3):297−312

doi: 10.1007/s11442-016-1269-0
[27]

Knotters M, Teuling K, Reijneveld A, Lesschen JP, Kuikman P. 2022. Changes in organic matter contents and carbon stocks in Dutch soils, 1998–2018. Geoderma 414:115751

doi: 10.1016/J.GEODERMA.2022.115751
[28]

Field CB, Randerson JT, Malmström CM. 1995. Global net primary production: combining ecology and remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment 51(1):74−88

doi: 10.1016/0034-4257(94)00066-V
[29]

Zhu W, Pan Y, He H, Yu D, Hu H. 2006. Simulation of maximum light use efficiency for some typical vegetation types in China. Chinese Science Bulletin 51(4):457−463

doi: 10.1007/s11434-006-0457-1
[30]

Anderegg WRL, Blanchard L, Anderson C, Badgley G, Cullenward D, et al. 2025. Towards more effective nature-based climate solutions in global forests. Nature 643(8074):1214−1222

doi: 10.1038/S41586-025-09116-6
[31]

Dang X, Gao Y, Yu Y, Wang J, Li Q, et al. 2011. Study on carbon sink measurement of Hippophae rhamnoides economic forests. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation 31(6):134−138 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.13961/j.cnki.stbctb.2011.06.049
[32]

Feng H, Kang P, Deng Z, Zhao W, Hua M, et al. 2023. The impact of climate change and human activities to vegetation carbon sequestration variation in Sichuan and Chongqing. Environmental Research 238:117138

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117138
[33]

Gong X, Li Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Lian J, et al. 2022. Quantitative assessment of the contributions of climate change and human activities on vegetation degradation and restoration in typical ecologically fragile areas of China. Ecological Indicators 144:109536

doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109536
[34]

Zhao C, Yang N, Lu Q, Dong X, Xin W. 2010. Study on the biomass of Hippophae rhamnoides forests in the converted farmland of the Huangshui River Basin, Qinghai Province. Research of Soil and Water Conservation 17(4):114−118

[35]

Ouyang Z, Zheng H, Xiao Y, Polasky S, Liu J, et al. 2016. Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital. Science 352(6292):1455−1459

doi: 10.1126/science.aaf2295
[36]

Wang X, Gong Z, Liu J. 2025. Quantitative assessment of vegetation carbon sequestration in typical natural secondary forests of the Loess Plateau: incorporating the influences of human activities and climate variations. Journal of Environmental Management 388:126000

doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126000
[37]

Chen G, Zhang K, Zhang X, Xie H, Yang H, et al. 2025. Enhancing terrestrial net primary productivity estimation with EXP-CASA: a novel light use efficiency model approach. Remote Sensing of Environment 326:114790

doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2025.114790
[38]

Bond-Lamberty B, Wang C, Gower ST. 2004. A global relationship between the heterotrophic and autotrophic components of soil respiration? Global Change Biology 10(10):1756−1766

doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00816.x
[39]

Qin L, Meng S, Zhou G, Liu Q, Xu Z. 2021. Uncertainties in above ground tree biomass estimation. Journal of Forestry Research 32(5):1989−2000

doi: 10.1007/s11676-020-01243-2
[40]

Hu H, Wang S, Guo Z, Xu B, Fang J. 2015. The stage-classified matrix models project a significant increase in biomass carbon stocks in China's forests between 2005 and 2050. Scientific Reports 5(1):11203

doi: 10.1038/srep11203
[41]

Li P, Zhu J, Hu H, Guo Z, Pan Y, et al. 2016. The relative contributions of forest growth and areal expansion to forest biomass carbon. Biogeosciences 13(2):375−388

doi: 10.5194/bg-13-375-2016