doi:10.48130/tihort-0026-0012

[1]

Borrelli K, Koenig RT, Jaeckel BM, Miles CA. 2013. Yield of leafy greens in high tunnel winter production in the northwest United States. HortScience 48(2):183−188

doi: 10.21273/hortsci.48.2.183

[2]

Pathirana I, Thavarajah P, Siva N, Wickramasinghe ANK, Smith P, et al. 2017. Moisture deficit effects on kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) biomass, mineral, and low molecular weight carbohydrate concentrations. Scientia Horticulturae 226:216−222

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.08.050

[3]

Richardson ML, Arlotta CG, Monroe-Lord L. 2024. Influence of ground cover and tunnels on production of Red Russian kale in urban gardes. Advances in Horticultural Science 38(1):3−11

doi: 10.36253/ahsc-14997

[4]

United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA-NASS). 2025. Vegetables 2024 summary https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Todays_Reports/reports/vegean25.pdf (accessed on 12 May 2026)

[5]

Li T, Bi G. 2019. Container production of southern highbush blueberries using high tunnels. HortScience 54(2):267−274

doi: 10.21273/hortsci13639-18

[6]

Lamont Jr WJ. 2009. Overview of the use of high tunnels worldwide. HortTechnology 19(1):25−29

doi: 10.21273/HORTTECH.19.1.25

[7]

United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA-NASS). 2024. 2022 Census of agriculture www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2022/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf (accessed on 12 May 2026)

[8]

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS). 2026. Conservation practices applied by conservation program and fiscal year www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/RCA-Download-Practices.xlsx (accessed on 11 May 2026)

[9]

Lalk GT, Bi G, Zhang Q, Harkess RL, Li T. 2020. High-tunnel production of strawberries using black and red plastic mulches. Horticulturae 6(4):73

doi: 10.3390/horticulturae6040073

[10]

Ernst T, McWhirt A, Cato A. 2025. High tunnel production guide for Arkansas and the Southeast (MP586). University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, Little Rock, AR, USA www.uaex.uada.edu/publications/pdf/MP586.pdf (accessed on 3 May 2025)

[11]

Vincent IR, Rosskopf EN, Brecht JK, Dufault NS, Sandoya-Miranda, G, et al. 2024. Effects of anaerobic soil disinfestation for soilborne disease and weed management on baby leaf lettuce performance in a high tunnel organic production system. Agronomy 14(4):764

doi: 10.3390/agronomy14040764

[12]

Li T, Lalk GT, Zhang Q, Xing Z, Bi G. 2021. Winter production of Asian leafy greens in high tunnels using biodegradable mulches. Horticulturae 7(11):454

doi: 10.3390/horticulturae7110454

[13]

Giordano M, El-Nakhel C, Carillo P, Colla G, Graziani G, et al. 2022. Plant-derived biostimulants differentially modulate primary and secondary metabolites and improve the yield potential of red and green lettuce cultivars. Agronomy 12(6):1361

doi: 10.3390/agronomy12061361

[14]

Raza Q, Bashir MA, Rehim A, Ejaz R, Raza HMA, et al. 2022. Biostimulants induce positive changes in the radish morpho-physiology and yield. Frontiers in Plant Science 13:950393

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.950393

[15]

Rodrigues M, Baptistella JLC, Horz DC, Bortolato LM, Mazzafera P. 2020. Organic plant biostimulants and fruit quality—a review. Agronomy 10(7):988

doi: 10.3390/agronomy10070988

[16]

Rouphael Y, Giordano M, Cardarelli M, Cozzolino E, Mori M, et al. 2018. Plant- and seaweed-based extracts increase yield but differentially modulate nutritional quality of greenhouse spinach through biostimulant action. Agronomy 8(7):126

doi: 10.3390/agronomy8070126

[17]

Kitir Sen N, Kocaman A, Aydemir ÖE. 2025. The role of chemical fertilizer reduction and different microbial inoculants on yield increase in lettuce cultivation. BMC Plant Biol. 25(1):981

doi: 10.1186/s12870-025-06986-w

[18]

Xu L, Leskovar DI. 2015. Effects of A. nodosum seaweed extracts on spinach growth, physiology and nutrition value under drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae 183:39−47

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2014.12.004

[19]

Arthur J, Li T, Bi G, White S, Bheemanahalli R. 2026. Evaluating three foliar-applied biostimulants for Asian leafy green production under high tunnel conditions. Technology in Horticulture 6:e009

doi: 10.48130/tihort-0026-0002

[20]

du Jardin P. 2015. Plant biostimulants: definition, concept, main categories and regulation. Scientia Horticulturae 196:3−14

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.021

[21]

Ali O, Ramsubhag A, Jayaraman J. 2021. Biostimulant properties of seaweed extracts in plants: Implications towards sustainable crop production. Plants 10(3):531

doi: 10.3390/plants10030531

[22]

Sun W, Shahrajabian MH, Soleymani A. 2024. The roles of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-based biostimulants for agricultural production systems. Plants 13(5):613

doi: 10.3390/plants13050613

[23]

Özcan HO, Ünlü E, Dalda-Şekerci A. 2025. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a biostimulant to enhance echeveria seedling quality and offset yield. International Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences 18(3):371−380

doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18067737

[24]

Torres AP, Lopez RG. 2010. Commercial greenhouse production measuring daily light integral in a greenhouse. Purdue Extension. HO-238-W. www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/HO/HO-238-W.pdf (accessed on 12 May 2026)

[25]

United States Department of Agriculture, National Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS). 2025. Report generator 2.0. https://wcc.sc.egov.usda.gov/reportGenerator/ (accessed on 8 May 2026)

[26]

Clément J, Delisle-Houde M, Nguyen TTA, Dorais M, Tweddell RJ. 2023. Effect of biostimulants on leafy vegetables (baby leaf lettuce and Batavia lettuce) exposed to abiotic or biotic stress under two different growing systems. Agronomy 13(3):879

doi: 10.3390/agronomy13030879

[27]

Yakhin OI, Lubyanov AA, Yakhin IA, Brown PH. 2017. Biostimulants in plant science: a global perspective. Frontiers in Plant Science 7:2049

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02049

[28]

Wu G, Li T, Niu G, Barickman TC, Masabni J, et al. 2026. How novel biostimulants enhance resilience and quality in hydroponic crop production—a review. Agronomy 16(8):827

doi: 10.3390/agronomy16080827

[29]

Arthur JD, Li T, Bi G. 2023. Plant growth, yield, and quality of containerized heirloom chile pepper cultivars affected by three types of biostimulants. Horticulturae 9(1):12

doi: 10.3390/horticulturae9010012

[30]

Papenfus HB, Kulkarni MG, Stirk WA, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. 2013. Effect of a commercial seaweed extract (Kelpak®) and polyamines on nutrient-deprived (N, P and K) okra seedlings. Scientia Horticulturae 151:142−146

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2012.12.022

[31]

Hirst AK, Anee SA, Housley MJ, Qin K, Ferrarezi RS. 2024. Selected beneficial microbes alleviate salinity stress in hydroponic lettuce and pak choi. HortTechnology 34(3):345−352

doi: 10.21273/horttech05403-24

[32]

Rose MT, Patti AF, Little KR, Brown AL, Jackson WR, et al. 2014. A meta-analysis and review of plant-growth response to humic substances: practical implications for agriculture. In Advances in Agronomy, ed. Sparks DL. Vol. 124. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. pp. 37−89 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800138-7.00002-4

[33]

Gómez S, Gómez C. 2022. Evaluating the use of biostimulants for indoor hydroponic lettuce production. HortTechnology 32(4):348−355

doi: 10.21273/horttech05045-22

[34]

Sandhu RK, Nandwani D, Nwosisi S. 2021. Assessing seaweed extract as a biostimulant on the yield of organic leafy greens in Tennessee. The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 102(1–2):53−64

doi: 10.46429/jaupr.v102i1-2.17531

[35]

Kordatzaki G, Katsenios N, Giannoglou M, Andreou V, Chanioti S, et al. 2022. Effect of foliar and soil application of plant growth promoting bacteria on kale production and quality characteristics. Scientia Horticulturae 301:111094

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111094

[36]

Zhang Q, Liu J, Jeong SJ, Masabni J, Niu G. 2025. Biostimulants applied in seedling stage can improve onion early bulb growth: cultivar- and fertilizer-type-specific positive effects. Horticulturae 11(4):402

doi: 10.3390/horticulturae11040402

[37]

Sinkovič L, Pipan B, Neji M, Ammar HB, Meglič V, et al. 2026. Screening frost-tolerant kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) genotypes through cold-responsive metabolic changes in open field conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology 317:154695

doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2026.154695

[38]

Smith E. 2026. Chard, broccoli, kale thrive in winter gardens. Mississippi State University Extension Service https://extension.msstate.edu/news/southern-gardening/2026/chard-broccoli-kale-thrive-winter-gardens (accessed on 13 May 2026)

[39]

Hodge CF, Rogers M, Handeen D, Schweser G. 2019. Yield of leafy greens and microclimate in deep winter greenhouse production in Minnesota. Sustainability 11(1):28

doi: 10.3390/su11010028

[40]

Reda T, Powers SE, Thavarajah D. 2022. Falling into line: adaptation of organically grown kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) and kale relatives to fall planting. Scientia Horticulturae 295:110878

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2022.110878

[41]

Bryson GM, Mills HA, Sasseville DN, Jones JB Jr. , Barker AV. 2014. Plant analysis handbook III: a guide to sampling, preparation, analysis, interpretation and use of results of agronomic and horticultural crop plant tissue. Athens, GA, USA: Micro-Macro Publishing, Inc. https://worldcat.org/title/876313901

[42]

Li T, Bi G, Harkess RL, Blythe EK. 2019. Mineral nutrient uptake of Encore azalea 'Chiffon' affected by nitrogen, container, and irrigation frequency. HortScience 54(12):2240−2248

doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI14386-19

[43]

Abellán Á, Domínguez-Perles R, Moreno DA, García-Viguera C. 2019. Sorting out the value of cruciferous sprouts as sources of bioactive compounds for nutrition and health. Nutrients 11(2):429

doi: 10.3390/nu11020429

[44]

Satheesh N, Fanta SW. 2020. Kale: review on nutritional composition, bio-active compounds, anti-nutritional factors, health beneficial properties and value-added products. Cogent Food & Agriculture 6:1811048

doi: 10.1080/23311932.2020.1811048