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RESEARCH ARTICLE   Open Access    

Engineering the emergence of norms: a review

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  • Abstract: Complex systems often exhibit emergent behaviour, unexpected macro-level behaviour caused by the interaction of micro-level components. In multiagent systems, these micro-level components may be autonomous agents and the emergent behaviour may be expressed as norms—patterns of behaviour that arise among the agents in response to their environment and each other. These emergent norms may be beneficial (e.g. by encouraging cooperative behaviour), or detrimental, but in either case it is useful to recognize these norms as they emerge and either encourage or discourage their establishment. We term this process engineering the emergence of norms and have identified three steps: the identification of a possible norm, evaluation of its benefit and its encouragement (or discouragement). This paper is an attempt to provide a survey of existing research related to these steps. We also provide an analysis of the approaches based upon their suitability for a variety of normative systems: we examine the requirements for agents to have autonomy over their choice of norms, the degree of observability required in the system, and the norm enforcement methods. The paper concludes with an discussion of open issues.
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  • Cite this article

    Chris Haynes, Michael Luck, Peter McBurney, Samhar Mahmoud, Tomáš Vítek, Simon Miles. 2017. Engineering the emergence of norms: a review. The Knowledge Engineering Review 32(1), doi: 10.1017/S0269888917000169
    Chris Haynes, Michael Luck, Peter McBurney, Samhar Mahmoud, Tomáš Vítek, Simon Miles. 2017. Engineering the emergence of norms: a review. The Knowledge Engineering Review 32(1), doi: 10.1017/S0269888917000169
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RESEARCH ARTICLE   Open Access    

Engineering the emergence of norms: a review

  • Department of Informatics

  • Published online: 22 August 2017
The Knowledge Engineering Review  32,  2017, 32(1)  |  Cite this article

Abstract: Abstract: Complex systems often exhibit emergent behaviour, unexpected macro-level behaviour caused by the interaction of micro-level components. In multiagent systems, these micro-level components may be autonomous agents and the emergent behaviour may be expressed as norms—patterns of behaviour that arise among the agents in response to their environment and each other. These emergent norms may be beneficial (e.g. by encouraging cooperative behaviour), or detrimental, but in either case it is useful to recognize these norms as they emerge and either encourage or discourage their establishment. We term this process engineering the emergence of norms and have identified three steps: the identification of a possible norm, evaluation of its benefit and its encouragement (or discouragement). This paper is an attempt to provide a survey of existing research related to these steps. We also provide an analysis of the approaches based upon their suitability for a variety of normative systems: we examine the requirements for agents to have autonomy over their choice of norms, the degree of observability required in the system, and the norm enforcement methods. The paper concludes with an discussion of open issues.

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    Acknowledgments

    • This material is based upon work supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Air Force Materiel Command, USAF under Award No. FA9550-15-1-0092.

    • Fortunately, the lack of accepted definitions leads most authors to make their semantics clear in each paper.

    • Of course, there are examples of laws that do change behaviour rapidly, such as the seat-belt laws we describe in Section 8.

    • Norms concerned with how agents should react to norm violations are referred to as metanorms within the literature (Axelrod, 1986). We examine research on using metanorms to influence norm emergence in Section 8.1.

    • Bedau terms the emergent phenomena we are concerned with as weak emergence to distinguish it from a metaphysically inconsistent version he terms strong emergence.

    • Mintzberg and Waters (1985) make this explicit in their definition of emergent organizational strategies.

    • Such an agent is known as a norm entrepreneur (Finnemore & Sikkink, 1998).

    • Within the literature it is also referred to as norm recognition or norm learning.

    • For example, if there is a norm obliging vehicles to travel under 70 miles/hour, and a norm obliging trucks to travel under 50 miles/hour, the latter is a more specialized norm since a truck is a type of vehicle.

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    Chris Haynes, Michael Luck, Peter McBurney, Samhar Mahmoud, Tomáš Vítek, Simon Miles. 2017. Engineering the emergence of norms: a review. The Knowledge Engineering Review 32(1), doi: 10.1017/S0269888917000169
    Chris Haynes, Michael Luck, Peter McBurney, Samhar Mahmoud, Tomáš Vítek, Simon Miles. 2017. Engineering the emergence of norms: a review. The Knowledge Engineering Review 32(1), doi: 10.1017/S0269888917000169
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