Figures (3)  Tables (4)

    • Figure 1.  Mean reflectance profiles for leaf material of parents and offspring in August 2016. The dotted lines show the upper and lower quartiles for the offspring. Six wavelengths used to derive three selected wavelength ratios are marked with stars for illustration.

    • Figure 2.  Generalised heritability of spectral data collected in August 2016. (a) Heritability of individual wavelengths. (b) Heritability of Sequoia traits, wavelength ratios and principal component scores.

    • Figure 3.  Plot showing correlation between reflectance values for selected wavelength ratios, Sequoia ratios and principal component scores derived from individual wavelength data. Ratios are grouped on the axes according to their relatedness to each other. Dark blue indicates strong negative correlation and bright yellow indicates strong positive correlation. Data were collected in August 2016.

    • TraitLatham meanMoy meanGeneralised heritability for genotypeGeneralised heritability for genotype × treatmentCorrelated spectral traits*
      Height4.293.160.750.09PC6 (−0.763)
      467/m (−0.659)
      NDRE (0.586)
      NDVI (0.512)
      453 nm (−0.570)
      Density3.482.620.670.09PC2 (−0.761)
      467/m (−0.788)
      NDRE (0.789)
      NDVI (0.744)
      464 nm (−0.771)
      663 nm (−0.776)
      Diameter3.292.960.600.12PC2 (−0.586)
      467/m (−0.660)
      NDRE (0.627)
      NDVI (0.587)
      453 nm (−0.657)
      * m is the mean spectrum reflectance intensity for the plant across all wavelengths.

      Table 1.  Summary statistics for the physical traits in 2016 (taken from images) and correlated spectral traits.

    • MonthTraitLatham meanMoy meanGeneralised heritability for genotypeGeneralised heritability for
      G × T      		Correlations with spectral traits from same date
      NDVINDRE467/m753/mBest PC
      MayHeight2.442.280.6250.0740.2600.448−0.3990.520PC3: −0.723
      Density3.773.200.6260.0990.6990.615−0.6260.634PC2: −0.634
      Diameter3.133.340.6080.0520.6180.588−0.6330.666PC2: −0.544
      Health3.623.020.6130.0800.7140.627−0.6710.686PC2: −0.616
      JuneHeight2.442.320.5800.0280.4220.441−0.5340.363PC3: −0.691
      Density4.373.730.6080.0570.6890.735−.06930.597PC2: −0.581
      Diameter3.944.190.6100.0350.6950.729−0.7490.613PC2: −0.520
      Health3.913.680.5770.0690.6850.716−0.7170.594PC2: −0.521
      SeptemberHeight2.952.460.6190.0200.2300.018−0.2350.357PC4: −0.703
      Density4.044.360.6080.0230.5490.554−0.5540.373PC3: −0.518
      Diameter4.374.620.5550.0730.6280.382−0.5960.647PC4: −0.532
      Health4.494.380.5940.0270.6630.477−0.6330.571PC3: −0.596
      GRVIGreen551/M747/691Best PC
      JuneChlorophyll1.1481.1340.5840.0000.493−0.479−0.4920.502PC2: −0.494
      JulyChlorophyll1.0881.0200.5520.0000.429−0.314−0.4510.484PC2: −0.477
      AugustChlorophyll1.1571.0410.7740.0000.270−0.190−0.2390.208PC6: 0.211
      SeptemberChlorophyll1.2321.0330.7650.0530.308−0.126−0.2550.234PC8: 0.302
      * m is the mean spectrum reflectance intensity for the plant across all wavelengths.

      Table 2.  Summary statistics for the physical traits scored in 2017 and correlated spectral traits.

    • Linkage Group (LG)PositionMax LODSpectral trait
      (nm)      		Other significant
      spectral traits      		Significant physical traitsParent
      LG10−6 cM4.38 at 6 cM551/509//Dominant
      LG221−26 cM4.52 at 21 cM509/512//Dominant
      LG236−40 cM4.77 at 36 cM470/523//Dominant
      LG246-48 cM4.67 at 46 cM711/686//Moy
      LG299−103 cM4.87 at 99 cMPC5//Latham
      LG33 cM5.00 at 3 cM557/658PC7/Latham
      LG322 cM5.93 at 22 cM551/m/Diameter
      (29 cM, LOD 4.24)      		/
      LG354−79 cM10.13 at 62 cM700403−731,
      Green, Red, NDVI, NDRE, GNDVI, GNRI, 719/691, 728/m, PC2, PC8, PC11 and many others      		Density
      (68 cM, LOD 6.67)      		Additive
      LG46−10 cM7.05 at 6 cM747/691568−708,
      Red, GNDVI, GRVI, NDVI, NDRE, many ratios, PC2      		density
      (6 cM, LOD 4.41)      		Dominant
      LG5None/////
      LG655−63 cM4.78 at 55 cM509/512GRVI, 719/691, 551/m/Latham
      LG7None/////

      Table 3.  Location of QTLs for spectral data and plant physical data collected in August 2016.

    • Linkage Group (LG)PositionMax LODSpectral traits (wavelengths ratios, nm)Other significant spectral traitsSignificant physical traitsHistoric traitsParent
      LG17−36 cM5.3 at 27cM820/848PC2, PC410BW (LOD 6.58,
      7 cM), PFS (LOD
      5.45, 9 cM)      		Fruit ten-berry
      weight      		Moy
      LG155−68 cM5.0 at 68 cM399/427///Both (dom)
      LG216−26 cM9.4 at 19 cM623/679PC5, PC6/Many fruit visual and colour meter scoresBoth (mainly additive)
      LG239−46 cM5.8 at 45 cM455/539///Both (dom)
      LG38−25 cM10.6 at 23 cM651/932Red, RE, NIR, PC1,
      PC4, PC6      		//Both (mainly additive)
      LG340−56 cM12.4 at 48 cM539/932Green, NDRE, GRVI, GNDVI, PC3/Fruit colour meter scoresBoth (mainly additive)
      LG368−107 cM8.6 at 72 cM736/792PC810BW (LOD 6.65, 107 cM), PFS (LOD 4.23, 107 cM)
      		Fruit colour meter scoresBoth (mainly additive)
      LG429−50 cM9.5 at 31 cM483/623PC8/Fruit visual and
      colour meter scores (both parents)      		Latham
      LG53−23 cM6.8 at 23 cM764/932RE10BW (LOD 4.86,
      4 cM), brix (LOD
      5.13, 17 cM)      		Fruit ten-berry
      weight      		Moy
      LG655−74 cM7.6 at 57 cM595/707Green, GNDVI,
      NDVI, PC5, PC3      		/Fruit visual and
      colour meter scores      		Latham
      LG7None//////

      Table 4.  Location of QTLs for berry spectral and physical data collected in July 2017.