Mechanisms of increasing salt resistance of vegetables by grafting

Mengliang Niu; Lanxing Wei; Yuquan Peng; Yuan Huang; Zhilong Bie; Mengliang Niu; Lanxing Wei; Yuquan Peng; Yuan Huang; Zhilong Bie

doi:10.48130/VR-2022-0008

Figures (0) Tables (4)

ID	Scion species	Rootstock species	Salt treatments	Growth conditions	Tested traits	Reference
1	'Jinchun No. 2' (Cucumis sativus)	'Chaojiquanwang' (Cucurbita moschata)	90 mM NaCl	Hoagland's solution	Ca²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ content; plasma membrane (PM) H⁺−ATPase activity; expression levels of SOS1 and PMA	[45]
2	'Brennus' and 'London' (Cucumis melo)	'RS841 improved' (Cucurbita maxima Duch. × Cucurbita moschata)	40 and 80 mM NaCl	Hoagland's solution	WUE; Cl⁻, ${\text{NO}_3^{-}} $, ${\text{SO}_4^{2-}} $, ${\text{PO}_4^{-}} $, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and ${\text{NH}_4^{+}} $	[59]
3	'Jinchun No. 2' (Cucumis sativus)	'Chaojiquanwang' (Cucurbita moschata)	90 mM NaCl	Hoagland's solution	FW and DW; Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻ concentrations; Na⁺ concentration in xylem; gas exchange parameters	[8]
4	'Ekron' (Cucumis sativus)	'P360' (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata)	20 mM CaCl₂, 30 mM NaCl or 10 mM CaCl₂ + 15 mM NaCl	Quartziferous sand	Fruit dry matter; total soluble solid content; Fv/Fm; GPX activity; K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, and Zn²⁺ contents	[44]
5	'Cyrano' and 'Akito' (Cucumis sativus)	'P360' and 'PS1313' (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata)	40 mM NaCl	Quartziferous sand	Yield; shoot and root biomass; net photosynthetic rate; K⁺, Na⁺, and Cl⁻ concentrations	[46]
6	'Deer No. 99' (Cucumis sativus)	Cucurbita ficifolia	100 mM NaCl	50% Yamazaki solution	Enzyme activities; salt damage score; Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺ distributions	[60]
7	'Aramon' (Cucumis sativus)	'Becada' (Cucurbita moschata)	50 mM NaCl	Nutrient solution	Gas exchange, plant growth, and ion concentrations in xylem sap	[57]
8	'Baimi' (Cucumis melo)	'Jingxin 3' (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata)	150 mM NaCl	Hoagland's solution	Growth parameters; photosynthetic measurement; antioxidant system; enzymes for sugar metabolism; Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ concentrations	[47]
9	'Xintaimici' (Cucumis sativus)	'Chaojiquanwang' (Cucurbita moschata)	75 mM NaCl	Hoagland's solution	CmHKT1;1 expression; cation uptake experiments in yeast cells; cucumber transformation with CmHKT1;1	[54]
10	'Ikram' (Solanum lycopersicum)	'Charlotte' (Solanum tuberosum)	5.0 dS m⁻¹ NaCl	Sandy loam soil	Stomatal conductance; fluorescence parameters; Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ concentrations in roots, stems, leaves, and fruits	[12]
11	'Tom 121' and 'Tom 174' (Solanum lycopersicum)	'Tom 121' and 'Tom 174' (Solanum lycopersicum)	50 mM NaCl	Greenhouse soilless culture conditions	Stomatal conductance (gS); osmotic potential; Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations	[50]
12	'Adige' (Capsicum annuum)	'ECU-973' (Capsicum chinense) and 'BOL-58' (Capsicum baccatum)	32 mM Na⁺ and 41 mM Cl⁻ (sandy soil); 40 mM NaCl (hydroponic)	Sandy soil and hydroponics	K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and Cl⁻ concentrations; proline determination; photosynthetic activity; chlorophyll fluorescence	[61]
13	'Red stone' (Solanum lycopersicum)	'Long purple' (Solanum melongena), 'datura' (Datura patula), and 'orange nightshade' (Solanum luteum)	5 and 10 mM NaHCO₃	1/4 concentration of Hoagland's solution	Biomass; Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cu²⁺ concentrations; proline content	[62]
14	'Cuore di Bue' (Solanum lycopersicum)	'Maxifort' and 'Arnold' (Solanum lycopersicum × Solanum habrochaites)	20 and 40 mM NaCl	Perlite–peat substrate	Yield, fruit number, fruit weight, TSS, and Na⁺ content	[48]
15	'Chaoyan 298' (Solanum lycopersicum)	'Yanqi' (Lycium chinense)	7.42 g kg⁻¹ (total salt include Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, ${\text{SO}_4^{2-}} $, ${\text{HCO}_3^{-}} $)	Coastal saline soil	SPAD, fruit production, shoot biomass, leaf ion	[63]
16	'Angela' (Solanum melongena)	'Maxifort' (Solanum lycopersicum)	55.5 mM Na⁺ and 148 mM Cl⁻	Sand tanks	Yield and ion uptake in leaves and fruits	[49]

Table 1.

Studies on the mechanism by which grafting limits salt ion transport.

ID	Scion species	Rootstock species	Salt treatments	Growth conditions	Tested traits	Reference
1	'Jinyou No. 3' (Cucumis sativus)	Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata	80 mM Ca(NO₃)₂	1/2 Hoagland's solution	H₂O₂, Fv/Fm, and antioxidant enzymes	[70]
2	'Xiuli' (Citrullus lanatus)	'Chaofeng Kangshengwang' (Lagenaria siceraria)	100 mM NaCl	1/2 Hoagland's solution	NR, NiR, GS, GOGAT, and NADH-GDH activities	[41]
3	'Hybrid 1010' (Cucumis sativus)	Cucurbita moschata, Lagenaria siceraria, Citrullus lanatus, and Cucurbita maxima	50 and 100 mM	Vermiculite and compost	Chlorophyll contents, net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance (gs), electrolyte leakage (EL), antioxidant enzyme activities, and endogenous phytohormones	[71]
4	'Naomi' and 'Artvin' (Solanum melongena)	'AGr703' (Solanum aethiopicum), 'Yula', and 'Vista' (Solanum incanum × Solanum melongena)	6−7 dSm⁻¹ NaCl	3:1 perlite: vermiculite	Leaf ion concentrations, antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxide	[67]
5	'Bark' (Solanum lycopersicum)	'LA1995', 'LA2711', 'LA2485', and 'LA3845' (Solanum lycopersicum)	100 and 200 mM NaCl	Peat moss, vermiculite, and perlite	Plant growth and yield, antioxidant enzymes, and UPGMA-based phylogenetic tree	[72]
6	'Jingxin No.2' (Citrullus lanatus)	'Quanneng Tiejia' and 'Kaijia No.1' (Cucurbita moschata)	200 mM NaCl	Hoagland's solution	Photosynthetic analysis, chlorophyll a fluorescence, K⁺ and Na⁺ contents, antioxidative enzyme activities, H₂O₂ generation, and lipid peroxidation	[73]

Table 2.

Studies on the mechanisms by which grafting enhances the antioxidant system.

ID	Scion species	Rootstock species	Salt treatments	Growth conditions	Tested traits	Reference
1	'Xiuli' (Citrullus lanatus)	'Chaofeng Kangshengwang' (Lagenaria siceraria)	100 mM NaCl	1/2 Hoagland's solution	Chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and Rubisco activity	[79]
2	'Jinchun No. 2' (Cucumis sativus)	'Chaojiquanwang' (Cucurbita moschata) and 'Bouche' (Cucurbita ficifolia)	90 mM NaCl	1/2 Hoagland's solution	Biomass, gas-exchange parameters (Pn), and synthetase (GS)	[9]
3	'Xiuli' (Citrullus lanatus)	'Chaofeng Kangshengwang' (Lagenaria siceraria)	100 mM NaCl	1/2 Hoagland's solution	Biomass, net photosynthetic rate, and proteomic analysis	[64]
4	'Jinchun No. 2' (Cucumis sativus)	'Chaojiquanwang' (Cucurbita moschata)	90 mM NaCl	1/2 Hoagland's solution	Growth parameters, gas-exchange parameter measurements, chlorophyll fluorescence, xanthophyll pigment analysis, and ultrastructure of chloroplasts	[78]
5	'Adige' (Capsicum annuum)	Capsicum chinense, Capsicum baccatum, and Capsicum annuum	7.5 dS m⁻¹ with 57.5 mM of Na⁺ and 71.2 mM of Cl⁻	Sandy loam soil	Biomass and ion determination, leaf water potential, and gas-exchange parameters	[11]
6	'Adige' (Capsicum annuum)	A25 (Capsicum annuum)	7.5 dS m⁻¹ with 57.5 mM of Na⁺ and 71.2 mM of Cl⁻	Hydroponic greenhouse	Biomass and ion determination, gas exchange and PSII, and antioxidant enzymes	[58]
7	'Vedrana' (Capsicum annuum)	'Rocal F1' (Capsicum annuum)	20 and 40 mM NaCl	Perlite and rock wool flocks	Growth conditions, proline, photosynthetic measurements, sugars, and organic acids	[14]

Table 3.

Studies on the mechanism by which grafting enhances the stability of the photosynthetic system.

ID	Scion species	Rootstock species	Salt treatments	Growth conditions	Tested traits	Reference
1	'Jinchun No. 2' (Cucumis sativus)	'Chaojiquanwang' (Cucurbita moschata)	75 mM NaCl	Hoagland's solution	Photosynthetic rate, ABA, and ABA biosynthesis-related genes	[74]
2	'Jinchun No. 2' (Cucumis sativus)	'Chaojiquanwang' (Cucurbita moschata)	75 mM NaCl	Hoagland's solution	Biomass; MDA; Na⁺, H₂O₂, Na⁺, and H⁺ fluxes along the stem; NADPH oxidase activity	[84]
3	'Adige' (Capsicum annuum)	'NIBER®' (Capsicum annuum x Capsicum. annuum)	70 mM NaCl	Standard nutrient solution for pepper	Na⁺ and K⁺ concentrations; gas exchange; ABA, NR, and proline content; H₂O₂	[51]
4	'Gacela' (Capsicum annuum)	'Creonte', 'Atlante', and 'Terrano' (commercial rootstocks)	35 mM NaCl	50% sand, 30% peat, and 20% vermiculite	Plant growth and fruit yield, gas exchange, and hormones (IAA, ZA, GA, SA, JA, ABA, ACC)	[82]

Table 4.

Studies on the mechanism by which root signals improve the salt tolerance of grafted vegetables.