Figures (7)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      Diagram of the final step in the agar well diffusion method.

    • Figure 2. 

      Diagram of the final step in the poison food method.

    • Figure 3. 

      Effect of different concentrations of (a) A. sativum, (b) A. vera, (c) A. indica and (d) Z. Officinale aqueous extractions against all five pathogens after 7 d of incubation.

    • Figure 4. 

      Effect of different concentrations of plant extracts against the selected seed-borne pathogens; A. niger, O. foliicola, and T. oumae-annae. (a) A. niger in negative controls; a1-Methanol 80%, a2-n-hexane, a3-DMSO 50%; (b) A. niger in A. vera (b1-10%, b2-15%, b3-20% concentrations); (c) A. niger in A. sativum (c1-10%, c2-15%, c3-20% concentrations); (d) A. niger in Z. officinale (d1-10%, d2-15%, d3-20% concentrations); (e) A. niger in Captan 50 % (WP) positive control (e1, e2, e3-Captan 50 % (WP) positive control) ; (f) O. foliicola in negative controls; f1-Methanol 80%, f2-n-hexane, f3-DMSO 50%; (g) O. foliicola in A. vera (g1-10%, g2-15%, g3-20% concentrations); (h) O. foliicola in A. sativum (h1-10%, h2-15%, h3-20% concentrations); (i) O. foliicola in A. indica (i1-10%, i2-15%, i3-20% concentrations); (j) O. foliicola in Z. officinale (j1-10%, j2-15%, j3-20% concentrations); (k) T. oumae-annae in negative controls; k1-Methanol 80%, k2-n-hexane, k3-DMSO 50%; (l) T. oumae-annae in A. vera (l1-10%, l2-15%, l3-20% concentrations); (m) T. oumae-annae in A. sativum (m1-10%, m2-15%, m3-20% concentrations); (n) T. oumae-annae in Z. officinale (n1-10%, n2-15%, n3-20% concentrations); (o) T. oumae-annae Captan 50 % (WP) positive control (o1, o2, o3-Captan 50 % (WP) positive control).

    • Figure 5. 

      Effect of different concentrations of (a) A. sativum, (b) A. vera, (c) A. indica and (d) Z. Officinale aqueous extractions against all five pathogens after 7 d of incubation.

    • Figure 6. 

      Effect of different concentrations of Z. officinale extract against the selected seed-borne pathogen; A. niger and A. flavus. (a) A. niger in negative control (distilled water); (b) A. niger at 20% concentration; (c) A. niger in crude extract; (d) A. niger in Captan 50 % positive control; (e) A. flavus in negative control (distilled water); (f) A. flavus in 20% concentration; (g) A. flavus in crude extract (h) A. flavus in Captan 50 % (WP) positive control.

    • Figure 7. 

      Seed germination data of Arachis hypogea treated with (a) Azadirachta indica, (b) Aloe vera, (c) Allium sativum, and V. sinensis treated with (d) Allium sativum, (e) Aloe vera and (f) Zingiber officinale aqueous extractions.

    • Plant extractSeed
      variety      		Storage period
      (months)
      		% Germination
      		% Abnormal
      seedling
      		Speed of
      germination index
      		Vigor index
      Allium sativumArachis hypogea> 6
      		80202.171912.8
      Aloe vera> 6
      		60−0.942118
      Azadirachta indica> 6
      		70−2.201710.8
      Zingiber officinale> 6
      		50101.021205
      Distilled water> 6
      		30300.71713.1
      Captan (50%)> 6
      		80−2.313329.6
      Allium sativumOryza sativa> 6
      		70201.332170
      Aloe vera> 6
      		80−1.661565.6
      Azadirachta indica> 6
      		100−4.422824
      Zingiber officinale> 6
      		100304.723079
      Distilled water> 6
      		80−1.731742
      Captan (50%)> 6
      		100−4.734385
      Allium sativumVigna radiata> 6
      		100−5.422404
      Aloe vera> 6
      		95−5.022011.2
      Azadirachta indica> 6
      		100105.422269
      Zingiber officinale> 6
      		100−5.422664
      Distilled water> 6
      		100305.402306
      Captan (50%)> 6
      		100205.422238
      Allium sativumVigna sinensis> 6
      		20−1.08509.4
      Aloe vera> 6
      		15−0.81396.4
      Azadirachta indica> 6
      		30−1.42686.4
      Zingiber officinale> 6
      		25−0.96627
      Distilled water> 6
      		5−0.23105
      Captan (50%)> 6
      		30101.09705

      Table 1. 

      Effect of different plant extracts on seed germination data of Arachis hypogea, Oryza sativa, Vigna radiata, V. sinensis seeds.

    • Plant extract(w/v)Storage period
      (months)      		% Germination % Abnormal
      seedling       		Speed of
      germination index       		Vigor index
      Allium sativum10
      15
      20      		> 620
      35
      55      		−1.08
      1.95
      2.20      		705
      1092.4
      1564.8
      Aloe vera10
      15
      20      		> 610
      30
      20      		−0.42
      0.94
      0.94      		273
      822.3
      470
      Azadirachta indica10
      15
      20      		> 620
      30
      20      		−1.35
      1.62
      1.77      		670
      904.8
      250
      Zingiber officinale10
      15
      20      		> 615
      15
      30      		−1.95
      2.32
      2.32      		397.5
      449.8
      983.4
      Distilled water−> 65−0.23105
      n-Hexane−> 64−1.1189.0
      Methanol (80%)−> 65−0.9484.6
      DMSO (50%)−> 64−0.8777.0
      Captan (50%)−> 630101.09705

      Table 2. 

      Effect of different plant extracts on seed germination data of Vigna sinensis seeds.