Figures (4)  Tables (4)
    • Figure 1. 

      Xinhui Chenpi production process flow chart.

    • Figure 2. 

      Total ion chromatogram (TIC) of volatile compounds of Chenpi.

    • Figure 3. 

      Comparison of aroma-active compounds in two forms, (a) concentration and number; (b) the number of compounds.

    • Figure 4. 

      Changes of total concentration of aroma-active components in Chenpi with heating time.

    • NoTime
      (min)
      RICompoundMolecular formulaCalibration curvesR2Linear range
      (mg/kg)
      Content
      (mg/kg)a
      RSD (%)b
      14.12840FurfuralC5H4O2y = 2.08E+09x + 1.76E+06R2 = 0.996592.34-4.62274.8017.64
      27.42983MyrceneC10H16y = 3.55E+11x – 1.25E+07R2 = 0.99391.37-0.0721.1924.52
      37.741002OctanalC8H16Oy = 3.05E+10x – 4.37E+06R2 = 0.9922.34-0.1278.7131.41
      48.191009α-TerpineneC10H16y = 2.73E+11x – 6.85E+06R2 = 0.99190.51-0.033.4727.55
      58.441017p-CymeneC10H14y = 4.27E+11x – 5.02+05R2 = 0.99590.41-0.0212.8513.06
      68.601023d-LimoneneC10H16y = 1.06E+11x + 2.55E+08R2 = 0.9916127.98-6.403291.6428.02
      79.531054γ-TerpineneC10H16y = 1.50E+11x – 3.95E+07R2 = 0.994112.92-0.65354.9726.94
      89.8710711-OctanolC8H18Oy = 1.62E+11x + 6.65E+06R2 = 0.99230.40-0.043.3220.64
      910.911101LinaloolC10H18Oy = 1.37E+11x + 9.32E+08R2 = 0.990233.41-3.34561.3917.00
      1011.081105NonanalC9H18Oy = 1.61E+11x + 4.96E+06R2 = 0.99150.38-0.046.4518.43
      1113.5811681-NonanolC9H20Oy = 1.05E+11x + 3.83E+07R2 = 0.99421.38-0.1410.1021.04
      1213.9011924-TerpineolC10H18Oy = 9.17E+10x + 3.02E+08R2 = 0.990913.14-0.66370.8125.28
      1314.401202α-TerpineolC10H18Oy = 1.08E+11x + 1.66E+08R2 = 0.990819.11-1.91250.5430.68
      1414.701219Octanoic acidC8H16O2y = 2.00E+09x + 1.41E+07R2 = 0.9946--
      1516.521291(-)-CarvoneC10H14Oy = 2.07E+11x + 4.62E+07R2 = 0.9909092-0.096.1824.79
      1616.921304GeraniolC10H18Oy = 2.00E+11x + 4.34E+07R2 = 0.99011.39-0.1416.9928.71
      1718.511358ThymolC10H14Oy = 6.54E+11x + 6.06E+08R2 = 0.99227.88-0.7938.1826.40
      1818.891371CymenolC10H14Oy = 6.14E+11x + 7.10E+07R2 = 0.99160.77-0.0829.6221.95
      1919.4013402-Methoxy-4-vinylphenolC9H10O2y = 3.41E+10x + 2.15E+08R2 = 0.991131.33-3.92253.6730.06
      2021.001360Citronellyl acetateC12H22O2y = 8.53E+11x + 1.20E+07R2 = 0.99070.14-0.011.6826.58
      2121.561380n-Decanoic acidC10H20O2y = 3.55E+11x – 1.42E+07R2 = 0.99240.48-0.057.1731.25
      2222.221385Geranyl acetateC12H20O2y = 1.01E+12x + 6.69E+06R2 = 0.99060.08-0.0080.5430.38
      2323.221453Methyl methanthranilateC9H11NO2y = 1.16E+11x + 7.55E+06R2 = 0.99140.53-0.0515.2010.21
      2426.401486β-IononeC13H20Oy = 5.98E+11x + 3.47E+06R2 = 0.99940.06-0.0071.9423.68
      a: The data of concentration is mean (n = 3 for aroma water sample). b: The RSD is standard deviation (n = 3 for aroma water sample). −: Indicates no detection results.

      Table 1. 

      The concentration of volatile compounds detected in aroma water samples.

    • NoCompoundOdor description*FD**
      1FurfuralNut8
      2MyrcenePungent32
      3OctanalOrange flavor512
      4α-TerpineneWax, orange16
      5p-CymeneRefreshing8
      6d-LimoneneCitrus32
      7γ-TerpineneWoody8
      81-OctanolOily, fruity128
      9LinaloolFlowers, sweet8192
      10NonanalOily, sweet, orange8
      111-NonanolOrange scent2
      124-TerpineolWoody, loamy incense2048
      13α-TerpineolFlowers, woody2048
      14Octanoic acidFruity32
      15(−)-CarvoneMint, spicy2048
      16GeraniolRose512
      17ThymolMedicine1024
      18CymenolPungent, refreshing8192
      192-Methoxy-4-vinylphenolPungent, flowers8192
      20Citronellyl acetateFlowers16
      21n-Decanoic acidFlowers2048
      22Geranyl acetateMedicine2048
      23Methyl methanthranilateOrange, flowers1024
      24β-IononeWoody4096
      * Description of the sniffing results by the sensory evaluator (n = 3 for sensory evaluator).
      ** Maximum dilution of the aroma-active compound.

      Table 2. 

      The FD factor of aroma-active compounds.

    • NoCompoundConcentration
      (mg/kg)
      Odor threshold in
      water (mg/kg)
      OAV
      6d-Limonene3291.640.14b24026.58
      9Linalool561.390.03a20049.61
      192-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol253.670.02b13351.10
      16Geraniol16.990.01a1699.27
      17Thymol38.180.10b381.80
      3Octanal78.710.23b342.23
      13α-Terpineol250.540.86b291.32
      24β-Ionone1.940.01c231.49
      18Cymenol29.620.18b164.56
      81-Octanol3.320.02b144.30
      15(-)-Carvone6.180.07a92.26
      1Furfural274.803.00c91.60
      10Nonanal6.450.10a64.50
      124-Terpineol370.816.40a57.94
      21n-Decanoic acid7.170.13b55.19
      23Methyl methanthranilate15.200.35b43.54
      2Myrcene21.190.67a31.63
      111-Nonanol10.101.00a10.10
      7γ-Terpinene354.9755.00c6.45
      22Geranyl acetate0.540.15a3.60
      5p-Cymene12.857.20b1.78
      20Citronellyl acetate1.681.00b1.68
      4α-Terpinene3.472.40b1.45
      14Octanoic acid0.86b
      Odor thresholds in water found in the literature. a: Indicates reference[18]. b: Indicates reference[35]. c: Indicates reference[21]. −: Indicates no detection.

      Table 3. 

      The results of OAVs calculation of aroma-active compounds.

    • Time (min)CompoundConcentration (mg/Kg)
      1234567891011121314151617181920
      4.12Furfural4.072.462.492.482.592.692.712.702.532.412.242.322.632.582.542.662.702.612.512.21
      7.42Myrcene1053.510.370.250.220.310.400.190.510.200.370.350.391.090.440.850.691.200.770.770.98
      7.74Octanal69.184.196.485.876.805.306.975.645.255.565.535.086.294.985.104.965.897.615.994.75
      8.19α-Terpinene114.060.560.590.360.520.510.440.560.500.520.560.420.750.590.780.721.100.970.881.11
      8.44p-Cymene53.161.181.180.891.241.180.881.380.821.161.171.171.341.340.721.711.581.411.331.97
      8.60d-Limonene36762.6620.3020.3321.2420.2921.3218.2344.9220.0032.1830.1533.8045.8236.9142.0830.5020.7921.7929.8426.29
      9.53γ-Terpinene3591.331.631.521.721.811.611.593.731.782.802.763.124.003.053.774.133.674.073.653.33
      9.871-Octanol20.452.862.861.721.871.811.421.081.171.020.881.110.750.580.470.390.450.550.42-
      10.91Linalool1080.19396.41408.52350.55346.02352.47270.33240.68232.30211.12194.25173.38180.08161.11140.28138.62121.05112.0861.1259.41
      11.08Nonanal58.693.083.303.003.723.613.492.962.913.433.593.293.563.283.503.563.543.343.043.39
      13.581-Nonanol16.307.727.627.316.966.806.625.514.713.903.233.293.283.233.293.362.983.002.972.79
      13.904-Terpineol498.61147.36144.59136.17133.69123.46117.43108.56112.45110.63104.22104.54103.89103.29102.11106.1089.2784.6550.5679.04
      14.40α-Terpineol394.39134.60127.01114.39113.81100.9979.6168.7970.1967.8461.1756.7056.0356.1255.6255.0043.9041.6241.0140.69
      14.70Octanoic acid4.284.11
      16.52(−)-Carvone30.1115.9014.4113.3211.479.656.815.314.924.143.342.862.872.101.841.551.040.980.910.78
      16.92Geraniol24.1618.2617.6715.0914.8513.2410.377.848.167.786.635.705.605.284.824.953.853.432.842.66
      18.51Thymol207.17187.75184.75180.91168.43134.25103.7586.0483.9574.1057.6454.9951.6047.0840.0638.6728.1923.1318.9317.40
      18.89Cymenol72.98152.32175.42189.58198.40198.78116.7182.0820.8720.1520.0120.9321.0327.2430.9424.918.897.4914.3213.62
      19.402-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol22.9723.2131.7062.0368.2271.4954.0653.2151.4550.4650.3450.1049.7248.8548.5349.5449.7044.4344.7239.54
      21.00Citronellyl acetate21.935.325.305.205.555.263.653.401.731.521.481.411.731.671.481.441.561.461.862.09
      21.56n-Decanoic acid12.0514.5214.5215.4516.5812.0510.008.037.427.317.737.307.335.275.735.615.115.725.50
      22.22Geranyl acetate7.131.121.161.291.161.291.201.181.181.161.161.151.161.041.161.171.091.091.181.13
      23.22Methyl methanthranilate5.126.935.655.024.894.844.823.102.822.522.161.981.681.541.491.431.050.890.73
      26.40β-Ionone7.726.955.234.884.883.823.213.022.852.622.362.232.061.841.721.661.461.090.990.99
      Total concentration44839.781155.541187.931138.381132.861081.40826.57743.90641.10615.12562.88537.87554.55521.93498.49483.52400.94373.74326.45310.42
      - indicates no detection.

      Table 4. 

      Changes in the concentration of aroma-active compounds of Chenpi with extraction time.