Figures (4)  Tables (0)

    • Figure 1. 

      Proline metabolic pathways in plants: the glutamate pathway. GSA, glutamic-γ-semialdehyde; P5C, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate; P5CS, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase; OAT, ornithine aminotransferase; P5CR, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase; P5CDH. pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase; ProDH, proline dehydrogenase.

    • Figure 2. 

      The number of publications in relation to proline in different turfgrass species under stress conditions since 2013. BEN, Bentgrass; PR, Perennial ryegrass; KB, Kentucky bluegrass; BER, Bermudagrass; TF, Tall fescue; ZO, Zoysiagrass; CE, Centipedegrass; SP, Seashore paspalum; AU, St. Augustinegrass; BU, Buffalograss.

    • Figure 3. 

      The number of publications on turfgrasses under different stresses since 2013. The abbreviations on the x- axis from left to right represent drought (DS), salt (SS), cold (CS), heat (HS), waterlogging (WLS), sulfur dioxide (SDS), heavy metal (HMS), and photoinhibition (PS), respectively.

    • Figure 4. 

      The analysis of keywords on the research of proline in turfgrass response to abiotic stress (created by authors using CiteSpace). Each circle represents a keyword: the larger the circle, the higher the frequency of the keyword. The lines between the circles represent the relationship between keywords.