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Figure 1.
Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages dendrogram of the 45 Chinese Zoysia germplasm collections constructed using simple sequence repeats (SSR) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers.
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No. Germplasm ID Type Species Source 1 ZG003 Breeding material Z. sp. Liaoning 2 ZG004 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 3 ZG007 Breeding material Z. sinica Anhui 4 ZG008 Breeding material Z. sinica Radiation mutagenesis
(parent from Anhui)5 ZG009 Breeding material Z. matrella Jiangsu 6 ZG011 Breeding material Z. pacifica Zhejiang 7 ZG013 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 8 ZG015 Breeding material Z. sinica Anhui 9 ZG017 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 10 ZG018 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 11 ZG021 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 12 ZG022 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 13 ZG023 Breeding material Z. matrella Anhui 14 ZG025 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 15 ZG026 Breeding material Z. matrella Anhui 16 ZG028 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 17 ZG029 Breeding material Z. sp. Zhejiang 18 ZG030 Breeding material Z. matrella Zhejiang 19 ZG032 Breeding material Z. sp. Zhejiang 20 ZG035 Breeding material Z. sp. Zhejiang 21 ZG037 Breeding material Z. sp. Zhejiang 22 ZG038 Breeding material Z. sp. Zhejiang 23 ZG040 Breeding material Z. sp. Zhejiang 24 ZG041 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 25 ZG043 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 26 ZG044 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 27 ZG046 Breeding material Z. sinica Hainan 28 ZG047 Breeding material Z. sp. Hainan 29 ZG048 Breeding material Z. pacifica Hainan 30 ZG049 Breeding material Z. sp. Hainan 31 ZG050 Breeding material Z. matrella Hainan 32 ZG053 Breeding material Z. pacifica Hainan 33 ZG056 Breeding material Z. pacifica Anhui 34 ZG057 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 35 ZG058 Breeding material Z. matrella Anhui 36 ZG059 Breeding material Z. sinica Radiation mutagenesis
(parent from Anhui)37 ZG060 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 38 ZG061 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 39 ZG062 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 40 ZG063 Breeding material Z. sp. Anhui 41 ZG081 Breeding material Z. japonica Radiation mutagenesis
(parent from Anhui)42 ZG082 Breeding material Z. japonica Radiation mutagenesis
(parent from Anhui)43 ZG083 Breeding material Z. japonica Radiation mutagenesis
(parent from Anhui)44 Lanyin
No. 3Cultivar Z. japonica Gansu 45 Qingdao Cultivar Z. japonica Shandong Table 1.
List of Chinese Zoysia germplasm collections used in this study.
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Primer name Forward primer (5'-3') Reverse primer (5'-3') M3A10 CGAACGCGACATGACAATC TCATGATGTTGGCAACCAC Xgwm37-7D ACTTCATTGTTGATCTTGCATG CGACGAATTCCCAGCTAAAC Xgwm102-2D TCTCCCATCCAACGCCTC TGTTGGTGGCTTGACTATTG Xgwm111-7D TCTGTAGGCTCTCTCCGACTG ACCTGATCAGATCCCACTCG Xgwm120-2B GATCCACCTTCCTCTCTCTC GATTATACTGGTGCCGAAAC Xgwm169-6A ACCACTGCAGAGAACACATACG GTGCTCTGCTCTAAGTGTGGG Xgwm445-2D GTTGAGCTTTTCAGTTCGGC ACGGAGAGCAACCTGCC Xgwm46-7B GCACGTGAATGGATTGGAC TGACCCAATAGTGGTGGTCA Xgwm52-3D CTATGAGGCGGAGGTTGAAG TGCGGTGCTCTTCCATTT Xgwm234-5B GAGTCCTGATGTGAAGCTGTTG CTCATTGGGGTGTGTACGTG Table 2.
Simple sequence repeats (SSR) primer sequences used for studying genetic diversity of 45 Chinese Zoysia germplasm collections.
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Forward primer (5'-3') Me1 TGAGTCCAAACCGGATA Me2 TGAGTCCAAACCGGAGC Me3 TGAGTCCAAACCGGACC Me4 TGAGTCCAAACCGGACA Me5 TGAGTCCAAACCGGTGC Me6 TGAGTCCAAACCGGAGA Me7 TGAGTCCAAACCGGACG Me8 TGAGTCCAAACCGGAAA Me9 TGAGTCCAAACCGGAAC Me10 TGAGTCCAAACCGGAAT Reverse primer (5'-3') Em1 GACTGCGTACGAATTCAA Em2 GACTGCGTACGAATTCTG Em3 GACTGCGTACGAATTGAC Em4 GACTGCGTACGAATTTGA Em5 GACTGCGTACGAATTAAC Table 3.
Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) primer sequences used for studying genetic diversity of 45 Chinese Zoysia germplasm collections.
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Primer Total number of
amplified bandsNumber of
polymorphic bandsPercentage of
polymorphic bands (%)Effective number
of allelesShannon
information indexNei's diversity
indexM3C06 27 27 100.00 1.443 0.426 0.272 Xgwm37-7D 17 16 94.12 1.201 0.259 0.146 Xgwm102-2D 24 22 91.67 1.350 0.352 0.224 Xgwm111-7D 28 28 100.00 1.254 0.295 0.172 Xgwm120-2B 36 35 97.22 1.556 0.510 0.338 Xgwm169-6A 16 16 100.00 1.276 0.333 0.197 Xgwm445-2D 32 32 100.00 1.396 0.398 0.250 Xgwm46-7B 16 15 93.75 1.394 0.399 0.255 Xgwm52-3D 20 19 95.00 1.409 0.413 0.262 Xgwm234-5B 21 21 100.00 1.249 0.305 0.179 SSR marker average 23.70 23.10 97.18 1.353 0.369 0.229 Me3-Em1 30 30 100.00 1.275 0.337 0.199 Me2-Em2 17 16 94.12 1.314 0.333 0.204 Me3-Em2 13 12 92.31 1.448 0.389 0.258 Me4-Em4 20 20 100.00 1.422 0.417 0.264 Me6-Em4 14 13 92.86 1.192 0.236 0.185 Me5-Em2 13 11 84.62 1.252 0.292 0.174 Me3-Em3 19 17 89.47 1.410 0.388 0.251 Me6-Em2 17 16 94.12 1.217 0.286 0.163 Me7-Em1 15 14 93.33 1.254 0.284 0.171 SRAP marker average 17.56 116.56 93.43 1.309 0.329 0.208 Average of all markers 20.79 20 96.20 1.332 0.350 0.219 Total 395 380 — — — — Table 4.
Polymorphism results from amplification by simple sequence repeats (SSR) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) primers in 45 Chinese Zoysia germplasm collections.
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Germplasm ID Highest similarity
(germplasm ID
compared to)Lowest similarity
(germplasm ID
compared to)Average ZG003 0.8532 (ZG004) 0.6228 (ZG032) 0.738 ZG004 0.8532 (ZG003) 0.6582 (ZG032) 0.756 ZG007 0.8127 (ZG009) 0.6532 (ZG029) 0.733 ZG008 0.7772 (ZG015) 0.6278 (ZG081) 0.703 ZG009 0.8127 (ZG007) 0.6633 (ZG081) 0.738 ZG011 0.7873 (ZG021) 0.6456 (ZG081) 0.716 ZG013 0.8152 (ZG021) 0.6684 (ZG081) 0.742 ZG015 0.7772 (ZG008) 0.6608 (ZG060) 0.719 ZG017 0.7722 (ZG025) 0.6582 (ZG032) 0.715 ZG018 0.8101 (ZG021) 0.6557 (ZG032) 0.733 ZG021 0.8304 (ZG022) 0.6658 (ZG046) 0.748 ZG022 0.8304 (ZG021) 0.6759 (ZG032) 0.753 ZG023 0.7848 (ZG026) 0.6532 (ZG081) 0.719 ZG025 0.7722 (ZG017) 0.6228 (ZG032) 0.698 ZG026 0.7848 (ZG023) 0.6430 (ZG032) 0.714 ZG028 0.7772 (ZG021) 0.6684 (ZG060) 0.723 ZG029 0.7646 (ZG035) 0.6506 (ZG081) 0.708 ZG030 0.7823 (ZG043) 0.6582 (ZG081) 0.720 ZG032 0.7418 (ZG037) 0.6228 (ZG025) 0.682 ZG035 0.8329 (ZG037) 0.6684 (ZG081) 0.751 ZG037 0.8329 (ZG035) 0.6532 (ZG081) 0.743 ZG038 0.8304 (ZG037) 0.6658 (ZG081) 0.748 ZG040 0.7316 (ZG047) 0.6456 (ZG003) 0.689 ZG041 0.7873 (ZG043) 0.6633 (ZG082) 0.725 ZG043 0.7873 (ZG041) 0.6658 (ZG032) 0.727 ZG044 0.7722 (ZG035) 0.6481 (ZG082) 0.710 ZG046 0.7519 (ZG047) 0.6456 (ZG081) 0.699 ZG047 0.7899 (ZG048) 0.6759 (ZG081) 0.733 ZG048 0.8557 (ZG053) 0.6633 (ZG081) 0.760 ZG049 0.7873 (ZG047) 0.6810 (ZG026) 0.734 ZG050 0.7595 (ZG058) 0.6709 (ZG004) 0.715 ZG053 0.8557 (ZG048) 0.6684 (ZG032) 0.762 ZG056 0.7873 (ZG057) 0.6684 (ZG103) 0.728 ZG057 0.8051 (ZG059) 0.6633 (ZG082) 0.734 ZG058 0.7873 (ZG013) 0.6532 (ZG082) 0.720 ZG059 0.8051 (ZG057) 0.6785 (ZG032) 0.742 ZG060 0.7646 (ZG049) 0.6354 (ZG032) 0.700 ZG061 0.8152 (ZG062) 0.6506 (ZG025) 0.733 ZG062 0.8253 (ZG063) 0.6557 (ZG032) 0.741 ZG063 0.8253 (ZG062) 0.6608 (ZG046) 0.743 ZG081 0.7949 (ZG083) 0.6278 (ZG032) 0.711 ZG082 0.7899 (ZG083) 0.6354 (ZG025) 0.713 ZG083 0.7949 (ZG081) 0.6481 (ZG040) 0.722 Lanyin No. 3 0.8152 (ZG105) 0.6506 (ZG040) 0.733 Qingdao 0.8152 (ZG103) 0.6608 (ZG008) 0.738 Table 5.
Genetic similarity coefficients (GS) among the 45 Chinese Zoysia germplasm collections.
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Cluster/subgroup Leaf width
(mm)Leaf length
(cm)Internode length
(cm)Stem diameter
(mm)Turf height
(cm)Turf density
(tiller number cm−2)I A 4.66 10.24 5.13 1.58 11.44 4.66 B 3.42 7.83 3.59 1.35 10.55 3.42 C 3.62 6.75 4.62 1.34 14.00 3.62 II − 3.70 7.29 3.36 1.23 10.08 2.81 III − 3.74 6.80 3.82 1.37 11.03 3.03 IV − 3.66 6.66 3.72 1.41 22.96 2.17 V − 3.47 4.15 3.11 1.38 9.07 2.81 VI − 3.27 6.33 4.63 1.37 8.14 2.80 Mean 3.72 7.51 4.22 1.38 10.83 3.19 Table 6.
Mean value of main morphological characteristics of the six clusters of 45 Chinese Zoysia germplasm collections.
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No. Germplasm ID Digital DNA fingerprint SSR (Xgwm234-5B) SRAP (Me3-Em1+Me3-Em2) 1 ZG003 111000100010100110000 000001000000000001000000011011-0001101010010 2 ZG004 000001000010000100000 000000100001000001000001010010-0001101010010 3 ZG007 100000100010000100100 000000100010001000010001001110-0000001100001 4 ZG008 001000000010000100111 100000000010000000001000001100-0000001110011 5 ZG009 101010000010100101100 000001000000010100010001001110-0000001110001 6 ZG011 100000000010000100010 000000000000000001000000000000-1001101010010 7 ZG013 000000100010000100000 010001000000010001010010010000-0001101010010 8 ZG015 001000000010000100001 100010001100000000001000000100-0000001000011 9 ZG017 000100100010000100101 000010001000000000010010001100-0000101100010 10 ZG018 000000000000000100001 000001000010000000110010110010-1001101010010 11 ZG021 101000100010000100000 010001000000010001000010110001-0001101010010 12 ZG022 100000110010001100000 000001000000000000000010100000-0001101010010 13 ZG023 000000000010000000000 000010000100010001010010100100-1001111010010 14 ZG025 000000000010000101100 010010001000010000000010001110-0000101100010 15 ZG026 001001100011100100110 010001101100000001010000100100-1001111010010 16 ZG028 000001100010000110000 010001000000000010000010101010-0001101010010 17 ZG029 001000000010001100100 000010000000010000000000100100-1001101010010 18 ZG030 001001000111000100011 100010100100000001010010100000-1000111010011 19 ZG032 000001000010001110000 100010000010010001010110100001-0000001010001 20 ZG035 001010000010000100010 000010001010010000000000100010-1001101010011 21 ZG037 000001100010001100000 000010001000010000000010100000-1001101010011 22 ZG038 000000000010000100000 010010000100010000000000010000-1001101010011 23 ZG040 000000000010000100100 000010010100000000001010010000-0000101010011 24 ZG041 010010100010000100000 010010000100000001000100100000-0001101010011 25 ZG043 000000100011000100000 000000000000000000101010100011-0000101010011 26 ZG044 011100010010000100000 010001001010001000000010100000-1001101011011 27 ZG046 000000001000000110010 010000100100010000110010001000-0000111110011 28 ZG047 000000000000000100010 000000000001010000000010101000-0000101110011 29 ZG048 001001110010001101010 010010000001010001001000001000-0001111110011 30 ZG049 100000000010000111110 100010000100010100001010001000-0000101110011 31 ZG050 000001000010000100011 010010000000110001010000000000-1001111010011 32 ZG053 001000000011000101010 010010000001010001001000001000-0001111110010 33 ZG056 000001000010010100010 010000001100000000010010001010-0000111110011 34 ZG057 001000100010101100010 010001000000010010010010001010-0000001110011 35 ZG058 001001100010000100110 010001000010010000010010001000-1000111010011 36 ZG059 010000000010000100010 010001000000010000000001001010-0000101110001 37 ZG060 000000000010000100110 001001000100110000010000001000-0000101110001 38 ZG061 000001100010000100000 000000100001000000100000000001-1001101010001 39 ZG062 100001100010000100101 000100100001001000100001010000-0001101010001 40 ZG063 000000000011000100100 000000100001010000100001010110-0001101010101 41 ZG081 010001000010010100110 000100000000100100010010101100-0011101010101 42 ZG082 001000010010000000110 000100010000100100010001100101-0011101010100 43 ZG083 000001000010100100110 000100000000100100010000101100-0011101010101 44 Lanyin No. 3 000000000000100000000 000000000000100100000001100001-0001011001001 45 Qingdao 110001000010000101000 000000000000000100010000101100-1001001010001 DNA from 45 Chinese Zoysia germplasm collections were amplified with primers Xgwm234-5B, Me3-Em1, and Me3-Em2. The presence or absence of bands in the same location was transformed into the corresponding digital information of 1 or 0, respectively, to form the digital fingerprints. Table 7.
Fingerprints of 45 Chinese Zoysia germplasm collections generated by simple sequence repeats (SSR) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers.
Figures
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Tables
(7)