Figures (1)  Tables (7)
    • Figure 1. 

      DAPI comparison of (a) diploid 'Prelude' (2n = 2x =14) and (b) tetraploid 'Prelude' (2n = 4x = 28). Bar = 10 µm.

    • Source of variationNumerator
      degrees of
      freedom
      Denominator
      degrees
      of freedom
      F ValueP > F
      Colchicine
      Cultivar12014.150.0430*
      Concentration42010.770.5443
      Duration260.710.4700
      Cultivar × Concentration42010.470.5867
      Cultivar × Duration22010.280.2800
      Concentration × Duration82010.680.6800
      Cultivar × Concentration × Duration82010.800.8000
      Oryzalin
      Cultivar12027.580.0064*
      Concentration42020.710.5860
      Duration261.280.2807
      Cultivar × Concentration42021.410.3146
      Cultivar × Duration22020.460.6292
      Concentration × Duration82020.390.9267
      Cultivar × Concentration × Duration82020.490.8631
      * Significant at α < 0.05.

      Table 1. 

      Type III tests of fixed effects of cultivar, concentration, and duration on the explant survival of red raspberry cultivars.

    • Source of variationNumerator
      degrees
      of freedom
      Denominator
      degrees
      of freedom
      F ValueP > F
      Colchicine
      Cultivar1670.320.3209
      Concentration4670.410.4139
      Duration2NANANA
      Cultivar × Concentration4670.410.4139
      Cultivar × Duration2NANANA
      Concentration × Duration8NANANA
      Cultivar × Concentration × Duration8NANANA
      Oryzalin
      Cultivar1NANANA
      Concentration4NANANA
      Duration2NANANA
      Cultivar × Concentration4NANANA
      Cultivar × Duration2NANANA
      Concentration × Duration8NANANA
      Cultivar × Concentration × Duration8NANANA
      NA: SAS could not compute data analysis due to no polyploidy values being present at different treatment levels.

      Table 2. 

      Type III tests of fixed effects of cultivar, concentration and duration on polyploidy induction of red raspberry cultivars.

    • CultivarSurvival rate (%)
      Colchicine treatmentOryzalin treatment
      'Prelude'12.95a*6.15b
      'Polana'7.08b14.17a
      * The same letter followed behind indicates no significance at α < 0.05.

      Table 3. 

      Effect of cultivar on the explant survival rate in the colchicine and oryzalin treatment.

    • Source of variationNumerator
      degrees of
      freedom
      Denominator
      degrees of
      freedom
      F ValueP > F
      Cultivar13201.0000
      Concentration3321.890.1513
      Duration1320.330.5677
      Cultivar × Concentration3320.220.8802
      Cultivar × Duration1321.330.2568
      Concentration × Duration3321.000.4055
      Cultivar × Concentration × Duration3320.670.5787

      Table 4. 

      Type III tests of fixed effects of cultivar, concentration, and treatment duration on the plant survival in the root dipping treatment of raspberry cultivars.

    • Colchicine (mM)Plant survival rate (%)
      0100a*
      0.1100a
      1.097.92a
      1089.58a
      * The same letter followed behind indicates no significance at α < 0.05.

      Table 5. 

      The effect of colchicine concentration on plant survival rate in root dipping treatment of raspberry.

    • Source of variationNumerator
      degrees of
      freedom
      Denominator
      degrees of
      freedom
      F valueP > F
      Cultivar1324.000.0540**
      Concentration3324.000.0159*
      Duration13201.0000
      Cultivar × Concentration3324.000.0159*
      Cultivar × Duration13201.0000
      Concentration × Duration33201.0000
      Cultivar × Concentration × Duration33201.0000
      * Significant at α < 0.05. ** Significant at α < 0.1.

      Table 6. 

      Type III tests of fixed effects of cultivar, concentration, and treatment duration on the polyploidy induction in the root dipping treatment of raspberry cultivars.

    • Colchicine (mM)Polyploidy induction rate (%)
      Cultivar ‘Prelude’Cultivar ‘Polana’
      00b*0b
      0.10b0b
      1.00b0b
      1016.67a0b
      * The same lowercase letter indicates no significance at α < 0.05.

      Table 7. 

      The effect of cultivar × colchicine concentration on the polyploidy rate in root dipping treatment of raspberry cultivars.