Functional foods and their applications in managing globally common disease-linked comorbidities

Elizabeth Foluke Awodire; Ayokunle Olubode Ademosun; Olufunke Florence Ajeigbe; Ganiyu Oboh; Elizabeth Foluke Awodire; Ayokunle Olubode Ademosun; Olufunke Florence Ajeigbe; Ganiyu Oboh

doi:10.48130/fmr-0023-0034

Figures (1) Tables (1)

Figure 1.
Flowchart shows the notable target points where functional foods can modulate the mechanism behind the onset of comorbidities.

S/N	Functional food sources	Bioactive compounds	Modulatory enzymes/signaling molecules	Comorbidity managed	Examples of functional food products	References
1.	Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit) peel	Naringin, Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Quercitrin, Quercetin, Kaempferol Glycoside	Nitric oxide (NO) Adenosine deaminase (ADA) PDE-5 antioxidant enzymes activities	Erectile dysfunction	Yoghurt	Ademosun et al.^[41]; Oboh & Ademosun^[42]
1.	Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit) peel		α-Amylase α-Glucosidase ACE-1	Diabetes, Hypertension	Yoghurt	Ademosun et al.^[41]; Oboh & Ademosun^[42]
2.	Citrus sinensis (Orange) & Citrus limon (Lemon) Peel-Essential oil	Limonene, β-Myrcene, α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Linalool β-Caryophyllene, Linalyl acetate, 1,8-Cineole	α-Amylase α-Glucosidase	Diabetes	Syrup	Oboh et al.^[43]; Oboh & Ademosun^[51]
2.			ACE-1	Hypertension	Parfait	Oboh et al.^[43]; Oboh & Ademosun^[51]
3.	Pepper Mint Powder	Eriocitrin	α-Glucosidase	Hypertension	Beverage	Cam et al.^[44]
3.	Pepper Mint Powder	Eriocitrin	ACE-1	Diabetes	Beverage	Cam et al.^[44]
4.	Terminalia catappa (Almond) leaf & stem bark	Galic Acid, Catechin, Caffeic Acid, Ellagic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Rutin, Quercetin, Resveratrol.	ACE-1	Hypertension	Pasta	Oyeleye et al.^[45]
			PDE-5 Arginase	Erectile dysfunction
			AChE	Erectile dysfunction
5.	Psidium guajava (Guava)	Catechin, Protocatechuic Acid, Carvacrol, P-Coumaric Acid, Eugenol, Caffeic Acid, Rosmarinic Acid, Vanillic Acid, Ferulic Acid, Shogaol, Glycitein, Isoeugenol Apigenin, Diadzein	ACE-1	Hypertension	Jelly	Oboh et al.^[46]
5.	Psidium guajava (Guava)		ACE-1	Hypertension	Milk shake	Oboh et al.^[46]
6.	Citrus sinensis (Orange) peel	Epicatechin, Kaempferol, Isoquercitrin, Rutin, Quercetin Naringin, Kaemferol Glycoside, Caffeic Acid	Increased NO	Erectile dysfunction	Noodles	Ademosun et al.^[47]; Oboh & Ademosun^[51]
6.	Citrus sinensis (Orange) peel		PDE-5 AChE Adenosine deaminase (ADA)	Erectile dysfunction	Noodles	Ademosun et al.^[47]; Oboh & Ademosun^[51]
7.	Ficus asperifolia (Fig) leaves	Salicylic Acid, Vanillic, Syringic, Naringenin, Kaemferol, Luteolin, Quercetin, Ellagic Acid, Myricetin, Chlorogenic Acid, Salicylic Acid, Vanillic, Syringic, Naringenin, Kaemferol, Luteolin, Quercetin, Ellagic Acid, Myricetin, Chlorogenic Acid	Lipase Enzyme	Hyperlipidemia	cookies	Ajeigbe et al.^[38]
7.	Ficus asperifolia (Fig) leaves		Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT)	Hypertension	cookies	Ajeigbe et al.^[38]
8.	Ripe and unripe Plantago major (plantain) peel	Gallic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Ellagic Acid, Epicatechin, Quercitrin, Kaempferol Catechin, Caffeic Acid, Quercetin, Rutin	Arginase ACE-1 PDE-5 AChE Adenosine Deaminase (ADA)	Erectile dysfunction	Bread	Oboh et al.^[48]; Oyeleye et al.^[49]
9.	Terminalia catappa (Almond) fruit	Apigenin, Coumaric Acid, Shogaol, Protocatechuic Acid, Ferrulic Acid, Myricetin, Vanillic Aid, Caffeic Acid	Blood glucose level	Diabetes	Jam	Adebayo et al.^[11]
			PDE-5	Erectile dysfunction	Jam	Adebayo et al.^[11]
10.	Physalis angulate (cherry) leaves	Caffeic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, quercitrin, kaempferol.	Arginase ACE-1 PDE-5 AChE	Erectile dysfunction	Drink	Akomolafe et al.^[50]
11.	Ficus exasperata (Fig) leaves	Quercitrin, Chlorogenic, Caffeic, Rutin, Isoquercitrin	ACE-1	Hyper- cholesterolemia hyperlipidemia	Cookies	Oboh et al.^[20]
12.	Newbouldia laevis leaves	Ellagic Acid, Gallic Acid, Rutin, Chlorogenic Acid	Arginase ACE-1 PDE-5 AChE	Erectile dysfunction	Crackers	Akomolafe et al.^[50]
13.	Hunteria umbeluta seeds & Cylicodiscus gabunensis bark	Caffeic Acid, Apigenin,Ellagic Acid, Gallic Acid, Luteolin, Quercetin, Rutin, Chlorogenic Acid	α-Amylase α-Glucosidase	Diabetes	Non-alcoholic beer	Akerele et al.^[56], Oboh et al.^[43]
13.	Hunteria umbeluta seeds & Cylicodiscus gabunensis bark		Arginase PDE-5	Erectile dysfunction	Non-alcoholic beer	Akerele et al.^[56], Oboh et al.^[43]
14.	Viscum album (Mistle toes)	Resorcinol, Salicylic Acid, Coumarin, Cinnamic Acid, O-Coumarin, Vanillic Acid, Protocatachuic Acid, Phenol, P-Coumarin	α-Amylase α-Glucosidase	Diabetes	Smoothie	Oboh et al.^[12]
14.	Viscum album (Mistle toes)		ACE-1	Hypertension	Smoothie	Oboh et al.^[12]
15.	Moringa oleifera (Moringa)	Gallic Acid, Catechin, Chlorogenic Acid, Ellagic Acid, Epicatechin, Rutin, Quercitrin, Isoquercitrin, Quercetin, Kaempferol	ACE	Hypertension	Ice cream	Oboh et al.^[46]
15.	Moringa oleifera (Moringa)		Arginase	erectile dysfunction	Ice cream	Oboh et al.^[46]
16.	Mentha spicata (Spearmint) powder	Rosmarinic acid	α-glucosidase	Hypertension	Beverage	Cam et al.^[44]
16.	Mentha spicata (Spearmint) powder	Rosmarinic acid	ACE-1	Diabetes	Beverage	Cam et al.^[44]
17.	Citrus maxima (Shaddock) peel	Rutin, Narirutin, Tangeretin, Sinensetin, Nobiletin, Naringin, Aringenin,Isosinensetin, Auraptene, Neoponcirin	LDL-Cholestrol ROS Antioxidant Enzymes Activities	Obesity, Hyperlipidemia,	Ice cream	Ademosun et al.^[31], Oboh & Ademosun^[42].
17.	Citrus maxima (Shaddock) peel		α-Amylase α-Glucosidase ACE-1	Diabetes, Hypertension	Ice cream	Ademosun et al.^[31], Oboh & Ademosun^[42].
18.	Piper nigrum (Black pepper) essential oil	α-pinene, β-pinene, cis-Ocimene, Myrcene allo-Ocimene, α-Thujene, gamma-Terpene, 1,8-Cineole.	α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase	Diabetes	Cake	Oboh et al.^[20]
18.	Piper nigrum (Black pepper) essential oil		ACE-1	Hypertension	Cake	Oboh et al.^[20]

Table 1.

Relevance of functional food sources in the management of comorbidity diseases.