Optimal conditions for mycelial growth and nutritional values of the <i>Auricularia cornea</i>

Arttapon Walker; Naruemon Wannasawang; Witchuda Taliam; Lattana Keokanngeun; Thatsanee Luangharn; Naritsada Thongklang; Arttapon Walker; Naruemon Wannasawang; Witchuda Taliam; Lattana Keokanngeun; Thatsanee Luangharn; Naritsada Thongklang

doi:10.48130/SIF-2023-0019

Figures (3) Tables (5)

Figure 1.
(a) Basidiocarps of A. cornea MFLU23-0259, TW8. (b) Basidiocarps of A. cornea MFLU18-0199, LK14. (c) Cross section of the fruit body. (d) Abhymenial hairs. (e) Close-up of a hymenial layer. (f)−(i) Basidiospores. Scale bars: (c) = 500 μm, (d) = 50 μm, (e) = 25 μm, (f)−(i) = 5 μm.
Figure 2.
Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree illustrating the phylogeny of Auriclaria based on ITS + RPB2 dataset. The tree is rooted with Exidia qinghaiensis.
Figure 3.
(a) Cultivated basidiocarps of A. cornea (MFLUCC18-0346) day 35 after fruiting phase. (b) Cultivated basidiocarps of A. cornea (MFLUCC18-0347) on day 28 after the fruiting phase and (c) Cultivated basidiocarps of A. cornea (MFLUCC23-0084) day 35 after the fruiting phase.

Taxon name	Herbarium code	GenBank accession number (ITS)	GenBank accession number (RPB2)	Country
A. americana	Dai 13636	KM396765	KP729307	China
A. americana	Cui 11657	KT152095	KT152128	China
A. africana	KM133591, type	NR177476	–	Uganda
A. africana	Ryvarden 44929	MH213349	MZ740061	Uganda
A. angiospermarum	Cui 12360	KT152097	KT152130	USA
A. angiospermarum	BJFC 017274, type	NR151847	–	USA
A. asiatica	BBH895, type	NR169914	–	Thailand
A. asiatica	Dai 16224	KX022011	MZ740045	China
A. auricula-judae	Dai 13210	KM396769	KP729312	France
A. auricula-judae	MT 7	KM396771	KP729314	Czech Republic
A. australiana	MEL 2385783 type	NR176760	–	Australia
A. australiana	HT 190	MZ647503	–	Australia
A. brasiliana	URM 85567 type	NR151845	–	Brazil
A. brasiliana	BDNA 1641	KP729277	–	Brazil
A. camposii	URM 83464	MH213352	MH213428	Brazil
A. camposii	URM 76905, holotype	MH213351	MH213427	Brazil
A. conferta	BJFC 027293, type	NR174873	–	Australia
A. conferta	Dai 18825	MZ647500	MZ740048	Australia
A. cornea	YG-Dr1	MH213353	MH213429	Germany
A. cornea	Dai 12587	KX022012	–	South Africa
A. cornea	Dai 15336	KX022014	KX022074	China
A. cornea	Wu 07	MH213354	MH213430	China
A. cornea	Dai 17352	MH213355	MH213431	Ghana
A. cornea	Lira 663	MH213359	MH213433	Brazil
A. cornea	MFLU13-0403	KX621145	KX661337	Thailand
A. cornea	MFLU16-2104	KX621144	KX661340	Thailand
A. cornea	MFLU 19-0797	MK696312	–	Thailand
A. cornea	MFLU23-0259	OR105042	OR119735	Thailand
A. cornea	MFLU18-0199	OR105024	OR119734	Thailand
A. delicata	P 14, epitype	MH213364	–	Cameroon
A. fibrillifera	Dai 13598A	KP765615	KX022084	China
A. fibrillifera	F 234519, type	KP765610	–	Papua New Guinea
A. fuscosuccinea	FP102573SP	KX022027	KX022088	USA
A. fuscosuccinea	Dai 17406	MH213366	MH213436	Brazil
A. heimuer	Dai 13503	KM396789	KP729316	China
A. heimuer	Dai 13765, holotype	KM396793	KP729317	China
A. lateralis	Dai 15670, holotype	KX022022	–	China
A. mesenterica	Haikonen 11208	KP729287	KP729323	United Kingdom
A. mesenterica	Miettinen 12680	KP729286	KP729322	Switzerland
A. minutissima	Dai 14881, holotype	KT152104	KT152137	China
A. minutissima	Dai 14880	KT152103	KT152136	China
A. nigricans	Ahti 55718	MH213372	–	Costa Rica
A. nigricans	TJY 93242	KM396803	–	USA
A. novozealandica	PDD 88998	KX022035	–	New Zealand
A. novozealandica	PDD 83897, holotype	KX022034	–	New Zealand
A. orientalis	Dai 14875, type	KP729270	KP729310	China
A. orientalis	Dai 1831	KP729271	KP729311	China
A. pilosa	LWZ 20190421-7, holotype	MZ647506	–	Ethiopia
A. pusio	AK 547	MH213374	MH213443	Australia
A. pusio	Smith 18	MH213375	–	Zambia
A. scissa	TFB 11193, holotype	JX065160	–	Dominican Republic
A. scissa	Ahti 49388	KM396805	KP729324	Dominican Republic
A. sinodelicata	Cui 8596	MH213376	MH213444	China
A. sinodelicata	Dai 13926, holotype	MH213379	–	China
A. subglabra	Dai 17403	MH213382	MH213448	Brazil
A. srilankensis	Dai 19522, holotype	MZ647501	–	Sri Lanka
A. srilankensis	Dai 19575	MZ647502	MZ740058	Sri Lanka
A. submesenterica	Dai 15450, holotype	MH213386	MH213449	China
A. submesenterica	Dai 15451	MZ618942	MZ740059	China
A. thailandica	MFLU 130396, type	KR336690	–	Thailand
A. thailandica	Dai 15080	KP765622	MH213452	China
A. tibetica	Cui 12267, holotype	KT152106	KT152139	China
A. tibetica	Cui 12337	KT152108	KT152141	China
A. tremellosa	Dai 17415	MH213390	MH213455	Brazil
A. tremellosa	AJS 1304	JX065158	–	Mexico
A. villosula	LE 296422, holotype	NR137873	KJ698441	Russia
A. villosula	Hei 1973	MZ618944	MZ740062	China
Exidia qinghaiensis	HMAS 156328, type	NR172805	MW358924	China
Newly generated sequences for this study are indicated in bold.

Table 1.

List of species, specimens, and GenBank accession number of sequences used in this study.

Name of experiments	Treatments	Fungal isolates
Name of experiments	Treatments	MFLUCC18-0346	MFLUCC18-0347	MFLUCC23-0084
Effect of different media (g)	PDA	0.0844 ± 0.0088^bc	0.0551 ± 0.0165^bcd	0.0389 ± 0.0075^c
	PSA	0.0028 ± 0.0015^d	0.0394 ± 0.0298^cd	0.0256 ± 0.0077^cd
	CW	0.0846 ± 0.0037^bc	0.0861 ± 0.0170^bcd	0.0605 ± 0.0028^b
	OMA	0.0378 ± 0.0116^cd	0.0634 ± 0.0126^bcd	0.0422 ± 0.0068^bc
	CMA	0.0196 ± 0.0143^d	0.0114 ± 0.0068^d	0.0031 ± 0.0009^d
	SA	0.0595 ± 0.0113^bcd	0.1329 ± 0.0059^ab	0.0414 ± 0.0121^bc
	RSA	0.1568 ± 0.0310^a	0.1722 ± 0.0143^a	0.1008 ± 0.0010^a
	CA	0.0029 ± 0.0034^d	0.0095 ± 0.0053^d	0.0073 ± 0.0040^de
	MEA	0.1129 ± 0.0495^ab	0.1112 ± 0.0722^abc	0.0348 ± 0.0144^c
Effect of temperature in RSA (g)	20 degrees	0.1341 ± 0.0222^a	0. 1220 ± 0.0090^b	0.0776 ± 0.0148^a
	25 degrees	0.1583 ± 0.0237^a	0.1881 ± 0.0153^a	0.1141 ± 0.0346^a
	30 degrees	0.1232 ± 0.0521^a	0.1334 ± 0.0140^b	0.0103 ± 0.0051^b
Effect of temperature in MEA (g)	20 degrees	0.0602 ± 0.0135^b	0.0467 ± 0.0080^b	0.0578 ± 0.0055^b
	25 degrees.	0.1202 ± 0.0168^a	0.1242 ± 0.0092^a	0.0934 ± 0.0239^a
	30 degrees	0.0746 ± 0.0044^b	0.0523 ± 0.0056^b	0.0219 ± 0.0029^c
Effect of different pH in RSA (g)	4	0.0755 ± 0.0079^c	0.0753 ± 0.0056^b	0.0297 ± 0.0074^b
	5	0.0968 ± 0.0103^bc	0.1440 ± 0.0123^a	0.0373 ± 0.0015^b
	6	0.1125 ± 0.0104^ab	0.0817 ± 0.0050^b	0.0733 ± 0.0067^a
	7	0.1344 ± 0.0166^a	0.0953 ± 0.0206^b	0.0703 ± 0.0016^a
	8	0.0403 ± 0.0062^d	0.0375 ± 0.0041^c	0.0302 ± 0.0013^b
Effect of different pH in MEA (g)	4	0.0712 ± 0.0026^b	0.0357 ± 0.0050^b	0.0285 ± 0.0061^d
	5	0.1071 ± 0.0127^a	0.0488 ± 0.0152^b	0.0611 ± 0.0087^ab
	6	0.0706 ± 0.0115^b	0.102 ± 0.0237^a	0.0742 ± 0.0131^a
	7	0.0474 ± 0.0049^c	0.0357 ± 0.0049^b	0.0419 ± 0.0024^cd
	8	0.0460 ± 0.0044^c	0.0433 ± 0.0031^b	0.0491± 0.0050^bc
Effect of different substrates of spawn (cm)	Rice straw	15.00 ± 0.00^bc	12.00 ± 0.00^ab	0.00^c
	Wheat grain	11.50 ± 0.00^d	9.00 ± 0.00^b	3.67 ± 0.62^b
	Rye grain	13.67 ± 1.25^c	11.67 ± 0.94^ab	4.00 ± 0.00^b
	Sawdust	6.33 ± 0.94^e	5.00 ± 3.56^c	0.00 ± 0.00^c
	Paddy grain	15.50 ± 0.71^ab	15.00 ± 0.82^a	5.50 ± 1.78^ab
	Sorghum	17.00 ± 0.00^a	14.50 ± 0.41^a	6.50 ± 1.78^a
Values are the means ± SD of the dry weight/ growth in length of mycelial (g/cm). The values of the same letter differ significantly according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05).

Table 2.

Optimal conditions to grow three different isolates of A. cornea.

Content	MFLUCC 18-0346	MFLUCC 18-0347	MFLUCC 23-0084
First primordia after fruiting phase (d)	20 ± 3.04^b	15 ± 3.13^a	26 ± 1.15^c
Average yield of the first flush (g)	19.40 ± 6.73^a	31.00 ± 4.06^b	23.67 ± 8.33^ab
Values are the means ± SD of the first primordia/average yield. The values of the same letter differ significantly according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05).

Table 3.

Comparison of mushroom yield in the first flush.

Mushrooms	Ash (%)	Carbohydrate (%)	Crude Fiber (%)	Fat (%)	Protein (%)	Countries	References
Auricularia cornea MFLUCC18-0346	2.90	72.27	19.71	0.77	11.22	Thailand	This study
A. cornea MFLUCC18-0347	3.37	70.66	22.43	1.27	13.14	Thailand	This study
A. thailandica	4.3	no data	4.62	2.93	12.99	Thailand	[61]
A. auricula	9.21	59.73	7.72	12.18	11.16	Thailand	[62]
A. auricula-judae	2.82	60.23	21.07	0.13	9.06	Thailand	[63]
Auricularia sp.	6.36	no data	28.55	2.71	8.54	Sri Lanka	[64]
Lentinula edodes	6.51	23.63	26.78	0.98	39.48	Thailand	[63]
Pleurotus sajor-caju	7.73	30.26	28.40	1.50	28.74	Thailand	[63]
Volvariella volvacea	10.38	24.35	22.84	0.52	39.20	Thailand	[63]

Table 4.

Nutritional values of Auricularia cornea (MFLUCC18-0346 and MFLUCC18-0347) compared with other mushrooms.

Parameters Paddy grain Sorghum

Crude protein (%) 8.5 10.6
Crude fiber (%) 11 2.8
Crude fat (%) 2.5 3.3
Starch (%) 64.3 73.6
Lignin (%) 5.5 1.1
Total sugar (%) 1.2 1.3

These data are retrieved from www.feedtables.com.

Table 5.
Comparison of the nutritional content of paddy grain and sorghum.

Parameters	Paddy grain	Sorghum
Crude protein (%)	8.5	10.6
Crude fiber (%)	11	2.8
Crude fat (%)	2.5	3.3
Starch (%)	64.3	73.6
Lignin (%)	5.5	1.1
Total sugar (%)	1.2	1.3
These data are retrieved from www.feedtables.com.