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Figure 1.
Bunches of banana varieties (Robusta, Velchi, Grand Nain, Rasbali, Amti from left to right in order) grown in areca as intercrops.
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Figure 2.
Soil nutrient budgeting.
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Variety Height of pesudostem (cm) Height increment (per thousand degree days) Aug 2015 Sept 2015 Feb 2016 Jun 2016 Aug 2016 Aug 15 – Sept 15 Sep t15 – Feb 16 Feb 16 – Jun 16 Jun 16 - Aug 16 Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Velchi 58.0 ± 16.5b 72.4 ± 14.0 ab 191.5 ± 30.1c 286.5 ± 30.2bc 302.6 ± 21.8bc 31.4 ± 6.2 61.3 ± 21.5a 49.1 ± 7.0 36.7 ± 21.1 Amti 59.5 ± 11.1b 65.8 ± 12.6 ab 138.6 ± 23.4ab 217.8 ± 51.7ab 258.0 ± 44.1 b 14.0 ± 15.4 37.4 ± 14.3ab 45.6 ± 19.3 70.8 ± 22.5 Rasbali 56.5 ± 11.1b 72.9 ± 14.6 ab 135.8 ± 40.7ab 209.4 ± 78.9ab 233.3 ± 75.9 b 35.8 ± 12.0 32.3 ± 14.3 b 38.0 ± 27.3 40.5 ± 19.9 Myndoli 61.0 ± 11.3ab 77.0 ± 18.2 bc 142.1 ± 38.2ab 168.8 ± 46.8a 169.9 ± 55.7 a 34.9 ± 27.8 36.6 ± 10.9ab 23.5 ± 10.3 46.8 ± 22.5 Robusta 38.5 ± 14.4a 47.6 ± 14.0 a 93.3 ± 23.2 a 148.1 ± 30.7 a 164.5 ± 34.4 a 19.9 ± 4.9 23.5 ± 8.3 b 28.3 ± 7.1 37.3 ± 27.4 Grand Nain 25.9 ± 10.6 a 39.3 ± 8.2 a 91.3 ± 6.4 a 144.3 ± 31.3 a 157.3 ± 34.3 a 29.2 ± 6.0 26.7 ± 3.4 b 27.4 ± 15.6 29.5 ± 13.8 Red Banana 41.2 ± 10.0 a 56.9 ± 9.6 a 116.9 ± 7.6 a 184.3 ± 23.1 a 198.9 ± 29.1a 34.3 ± 14.4 30.8 ± 2.2 b 34.8 ± 12.6 33.3 ± 16.5 Significance ** ** ** ** ** NS * NS NS Statistical significance at * 5% level of significance, ** at 1% level of significance, and at *** 0.1% level of significance. Different lowercase letters within the same column represent significant differences among treatment means at 5% level of significance. Table 1.
Height of pseudostem and height increment of banana varieties at different time intervals.
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Variety Number of leaves Leaf emergence rate Internodal length (cm) Aug 2015 Sep 2015 Feb 2016 Jun 2016 Aug 2016 Aug 15 – Sept 15 Sept 15 – Feb 16 Feb 16 –Jun 16 Jun 16 – Aug 16 Aug 2015 Sep 2015 Feb 2016 Jun 2016 Aug 2016 Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Velchi 5 ± 1.2ab 9 ± 0.5 b 19 ± 1.0 c 28 ± 0.3c 29 ± 0.4c 0.09 ± 0.019 0.08 ± 0.005 a 0.07 ± 0.007 a 0.04 ± 0.014 12.54 ± 6.6 ab 8.30 ± 1.9 ab 10.28 ± 1.5 a 10.40 ± 1.1 ab 10.45 ± ab Amti 4 ± 0.4 a 6 ± 0.9a 13 ± 1.9 a 18 ± 3.3 a 21 ± 3.7 ab 0.06 ± 0.019 0.05 ± 0.010 b 0.04 ± 0.012 bcd 0.09 ± 0.059 16.73 ± 2.6 a 11.15 ± 2.5 a 10.75 ± 1.1 a 12.68 ± 1.1 a 12.15 ± 2.2 a Rasbali 5 ± 0.9ab 9 ± 1.6b 15 ± 0.6 a 22 ± 3.1 b 24 ± 2.7 b 0.09 ± 0.032 0.05 ± 0.008 b 0.06 ± 0.021 ab 0.05 ± 0.015 11.56 ± 2.7 ab 8.23 ± 0.3 ab 9.03 ± 2.3 ab 9.17 ± 2.3 bc 9.22 ± 4.5 ab Myndoli 5 ± 1.0 ab 9 ± 0.9 b 14 ± 1.7 a 17 ± 1.1 a 17 ± 1.7 a 0.10 ± 0.012 0.04 ± 0.018 b 0.02 ± 0.008 d 0.01 ± 0.054 11.89 ± 1.6 ab 8.38 ± 1.7 ab 10.41 ± 2.9a 11.37 ± 2.4 ab 12.60 ± 1.0 a Robusta 6 ± 0.6bc 9 ± 0.9 b 16 ± 1.1 ab 22 ± 2.3 b 24 ± 1.8 b 0.08 ± 0.013 0.05 ± 0.007 b 0.04 ± 0.019 bc 0.06 ± 0.028 6.66 ± 2.3 bc 5.40 ± 1.6 bc 5.88 ± 1.2 b 6.83 ± 0.7 c 6.83 ± 1.4 b Grand Nain 6 ± 0.4 bc 9 ± 1.1 b 16 ± 0.8 ab 22 ± 1.0 b 23 ± 0.5 b 0.09 ± 0.029 0.05 ± 0.007 b 0.05 ± 0.011 abc 0.03 ± 0.013 4.69 ± 2.2 c 4.19 ± 0.7 c 5.83 ± 0.5 b 6.59 ± 1.2 c 6.79 ± 1.8 b Red Banana 4 ± 0.4 a 7 ± 0.8a 14 ± 1.4 a 18 ± 1.0 a 20 ± 1.0 a 0.07 ± 0.011 0.05 ± 0.005 b 0.03 ± 0.007 cd 0.05 ± 0.020 9.46 ± 2.5 bc 8.02 ± 2.1 ab 8.40 ± 1.2 ab 10.60 ± 1.8 ab 10.25 ± 0.5 ab Significance * ** ** ** ** NS *** *** NS *** *** *** *** *** Different lowercase letters within the same column represent significant differences among treatment means at 5% level of significance. Statistical significance at * 5% level of significance, ** at 1% level of significance, SD -Standard deviation. Table 2.
Number of leaves produced and leaf emergence rate by banana varieties at different time intervals.
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Variety Leaf length
(cm)Leaf width
(cm)Leaf area
(m2)Petiole length
(cm)No. of hands No. of fruits
per bunchBunch weight
(kg)Fruit weight per
plant (kg)Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Velchi 171.3 ± 23.1 bc 60.6 ± 3.7 b 0.8 ± 0.16 b 47.6 ± 2.90 ab 8.2 ± 0.55 b 119.7 ± 11.96 b 4.7 ± 1.00 c 3.5 ± 1.06 Amti 201.5 ± 12.1 ab 79.9 ± 11.1 a 1.3 ± 0.26 a 42.7 ± 1.63 b 10.9 ± 1.74 a 186.2 ± 25.13 a 11.9 ± 0.90 a 10.1 ± 0.72 Rasbali 219.8 ± 36.2a 59.1 ± 6.1 b 1.0 ± 0.28 ab 52.9 ± 11.64 a 6.2 ± 1.10c 83.4 ± 22.79 c 7.7 ± 2.49 bc 6.7 ± 1.07 Robusta 158.4 ± 12.8 c 63.1 ± 4.0 b 0.8 ± 0.11 b 26.2 ± 2.06 c 7.0 ± 0.62 bc 84.3 ± 13.16 c 8.8 ± 3.90 ab 7.7 ± 2.83 Grand Nain 150.1 ± 5.4 c 67.6 ± 5.7 b 0.8 ± 0.08 b 25.2 ± 1.49 c 7.4 ± 0.79bc 90.4 ± 25.91 bc 9.9 ± 3.89ab 18.8 ± 2.92 Significance *** * * *** *** *** * NS Different lowercase letters within the same column represent significant differences among treatment means at p < 0.05. Statistical significance at *** 0.1% level of significance, Statistical significance at * 5% level of significance, NS-Non Significant. Table 3.
Dimensions of leaf and length petiole of banana plants at harvest and yield components of banana varieties during plant crop.
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Variety Plant
crop harvest
(% plants)Bunch yield (fresh mass) plant crop (kg·ha−1) Ratoon harvest
(% plants)Ratoon yield (fresh mass)
(kg·ha−1)Mean Mean Mean Mean Velchi 91.6 ± 10 a 10237.3 ±
2079 bc62.5 ± 21 5032.0 ±
809Amti 75.0 ± 29 ab 21320.1 ±
6511 a45.8 ± 16 13458.5 ±
4359Rasbali 45.8 ± 28 bc 7984.6 ±
2739 c4.2 ± 8 176.0 ± 37 Robusta 62.5 ± 16 abc 12918.20 ±
3329 bc29.2 ± 8 4481.4 ± 835 Grand Nain 70.8 ± 21 ab 18012.20 ±
7193 ab20.8 ± 8 3970.7 ±
1169Red Banana 33.3 ± 19 c 6067.40 ±
1415 c0.0 ± 16 0.0 ± 0 Significance * ** NS NS Different lowercase letters within the same column represent significant differences among treatment means at 5% level of significance. Statistical significance at ** 1% level of significance, Statistical significance at * 5% level of significance, NS-Non Significant. Table 4.
Yield and percent harvest of banana varieties during plant crop and including first ratoon.
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Intial Input Output Final Soil nutrient balance Effective balance N P K N P K N P K N P K N P K N P K Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Velchi 266 ±
46.348 ±
2.53124 ±
45.11500 80 500 522 113 1010 330.0 ±
9.3712.8 ±
4.11134.1 ±
47.0463.9 4.5 10.0 −227.1 −30.4 −185.8 Amti 278 ±
78.927 ±
0.97120 ±
42.10500 80 500 630 127 1160 293.5 ±
7.4112.9 ±
2.09124.1 ±
62.1615.7 5.8 4.5 −232.3 −23.6 −131.5 Rasbali 265 ±
22.1411 ±
0.45127 ±
5.56500 80 500 543 100 1044 294.5 ±
2.4411.4 ±
3.18169.8 ±
51.7729.2 0.8 42.9 −253.5 −39.2 −139.5 Robusta 271 ±
59.6113 ±
5.16118 ±
39.58500 80 500 554 113 1055 292.6 ±
19.5614.1 ±
3.63154.7 ±
48.7421.8 0.8 36.7 −256.6 −34.0 −141.3 Grande
Nain269 ±
42.7911 ±
2.15105 ±
11.64500 80 500 465 72 965 298.3 ±
62.1411.6 ±
2.78193.7 ±
51.2729.1 0.9 89.0 −284.9 −50.3 −125.0 Table 5.
Nutrient budget of banana varieties under arecanut banana system (kg·ha−1·year−1).
Figures
(2)
Tables
(5)