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Figure 1. 

Pixie shoot trait characteristics. (a) Pixie shows a monopodial growth, producing few, if any, lateral branches from the axillary buds. (b) Pixie has a precocious flowering habit, producing inflorescences and bunches starting in the first year of its growth, and even in the younger/upper portion of its main branch.

Figure 2. 

A Venna diagram showing the overlaps of DEGs in 'Pixie', 'Dena', 'Gina' and 'Tia' each compared to the WT 'Pinot Meunier'. FDR ≤ 0.05.

Figure 3. 

Expression profiles of 723 DEGs that were consistently up-regulated or down-regulated in terms of average fold changes vs average expression levels.

Figure 4. 

GO analysis of the 373 up-regulated and 350 down-regulated DEGs observed in the mutants.

Figure 5. 

Notable expression of GA pathway genes in the L1 dwarf mutants. (a) Normalized transcript levels (counts per million, CPM) derived from aligned reads from three biological replicates for WT and dwarf mutants of genes involved in GA biosynthesis, including GA5 (GA20ox) with eight members and GA4 (GA3ox) with three members, and GA signal transduction, featuring GID and DELLA homologs. (b) Relative expression changes of GA deactivation genes, log2 fold change scale as calculated using edgeR at significance threshold set at FDR ≤ 0.05. The graph shows the average log2 fold change for three biological replicates between WT and the dwarf mutants. *: statistical significance at p ≤ 0.05.

Figure 6. 

A schematic illustration of the possible opposing roles of VvAP1 and VvLFY in regulating the developmental fate of anlagens in grapevine. (a) At the anlagen-to-inflorescence transition, the lateral primordial meristem gives rise to the latent bud in the leaf axil, which contains the shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaf primordium, and uncommitted anlagen. Expression or upregulation of VvFT, VvAP1, and VvLFY is observed in this stage. The anlagen is then differentiated into an inflorescence primordium in late seasons and eventually develops into a mature inflorescence in the following spring. (b) The anlagen-to- tendril developmental course is associated with increased expression of VvAP1 and VvTFL1a. The shoot apex produces lateral anlagens with the expression or activation of VvAP1, VvLFY, and VvTFL1a. These anlagens are then destined to become tendril primordia, followed by the development of tendrils in current growing shoots. The ratio between VvLFY and VvAP1 likely controls the developmental route of the anlagens to either inflorescences or tendrils. It is noted that anlagens at any stage or derived primordia are sensitive to hormone regulation, with cytokine (CK) promoting inflorescences and GA favoring tendrils. The red arrows indicate the anlagen in either shoot apex or latent bud, or inflorescence primordium in the latent bud. Up or down arrows indicate the upregulation and downregulation, respectively.