Effect of <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> in gas exchanges and production of soybean

Evandro Reina; Joênes Mucci Peluzio; Alessandra Maria de Lima Naoe; Fábio Josias Farias Monteiro; Evandro Reina; Joênes Mucci Peluzio; Alessandra Maria de Lima Naoe; Fábio Josias Farias Monteiro

doi:10.48130/tia-0024-0003

Figures (5) Tables (6)

Figure 1.
Mean values of maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperature (°C), and precipitation (mm).
Figure 2.
Stomatal conductance (gs) as a function of foliar application of different doses of A. brasilense in soybean at vegetative stage V5, on three sowing dates.
Figure 3.
Intercellular CO₂ concentration as a function of foliar application of different doses of A. brasilense in soybean phenology stage V5, on three sowing dates.
Figure 4.
Net photosynthesis rate as a function of foliar application of different doses of A. brasilense in soybean at phenological stage V5, on three sowing dates.
Figure 5.
Grain yield as a function of foliar application of different doses of A. brasilense in soybean at phenological stage V5, on three sowing dates.

SV	DF	Mean square
SV	DF	gs	E	iC	A	GY
S	2	36.0^*	2.0^*	394858.7^*	504.7^*	2667545.8^*
C	1	69.0^*	2.4^*	6200.2^*	213.9^*	290306.9^*
D	4	12.1^*	2.4^*	4320.4^*	27.5^*	301862.8^ns
R (S)	9	1.2^ns	0.1^ns	261.4^ns	1.2^ns	54749.0^ns
S × C	2	18.6^*	3.2^*	27846.9^*	108.2^*	543547.6^*
S × D	8	8.7^*	1.1^*	1623.9^*	12.4^*	307563.6^*
C × D	4	25.4^*	2.2^*	702.3^*	3.3^*	321298.1^*
S × D × C	8	9.9^*	0.5^*	3313.1^*	7.5^*	507260.0^*
Error	81	1.0	0.2	122.1	1.2	90896.9
Total	119
CV (%)		16.87	6.59	4.33	6.25	12.69
: Significant at p ≤ 0.05 by F test; ns: Not significant. DF: Degrees of freedom; SV: Source of variation; S: sowing dates; C: cultivars; D: doses of Azospirillum brasilense*; R: Replications.

Table 1.

Analysis of variance related to the characteristics: net photosynthesis rate (A µmol CO₂ m²·s⁻¹), stomatal conductance (gs µmol CO₂ m²·s⁻¹), transpiration rate (E mmol H₂O m²·s⁻¹), internal CO₂ concentration (iC µmol CO₂ m²·s⁻¹) and grain yield (GY kg·ha⁻¹) of the soybean cultivars (C), M9144RR and TMG1188RR, produced on three sowing dates (S).

Sowing dates	Cultivars	gs (µmol CO₂ m²·s⁻¹)
		Dose (mL·ha⁻¹)
		0	100	200	300	400
S1	M9144RR	1.70Ab	1.65Aa	1.85Aa	3.1Aa	2.45Aa
S1	TMG132RR	1.25Ba	1.50Ba	1.50Aa	1.55Bb	1.95Bb
S2	M9144RR	1.40Ab	1.25Ab	1.15Ab	1.55Bb	3.15Aa
S2	TMG132RR	3.70Aa	4.80Aa	1.80Aa	2.17Aa	2.95Aa
S3	M9144RR	1.40Aa	1.35Aa	1.55Aa	1.35Ba	1.90Ba
S3	TMG132RR	1.45Ba	1.45Ba	1.60Aa	1.70Ba	1.60Ba
Means between seasons, within the same cultivar, followed by the same capital letter in the column do not differ by the Scott Knott test at 5% probability. Means between cultivars, within the same season, followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ by the Scott Knott test at 5% probability. * S1: sowing date 1; S2: sowing date 2; S3: sowing date 3.

Table 2.

Means of S × C × D interaction for stomatal conductance (gs) of two soybean cultivars, in three sowing dates and different doses of A. brasilense.

Sowing dates	Cultivar	E (mmol H₂O m⁻²·s⁻¹)
		Dose mL·ha⁻¹
		0	100	200	300	400
S1	M9144RR	7.60Aa	7.35Aa	7.00Aa	7.10Aa	7.30Aa
S1	TMG132RR	7.15Aa	6.95Ba	6.90Ba	6.00Aa	7.00Aa
S2	M9144RR	7.00Aa	6.25Bb	6.80Aa	7.60Aa	7.50Aa
S2	TMG132RR	7.25Aa	7.30Aa	6.65Ba	6.80Aa	7.25Aa
S3	M9144RR	7.25Aa	6.95Ba	7.05Aa	7.10Aa	7.50Aa
S3	TMG132RR	7.00Aa	7.75Aa	7.25Aa	6.90Aa	7.55Aa
Means between seasons, within the same cultivar, followed by the same capital letter in the column do not differ by the Scott Knott test at 5% probability. Means between cultivars, within the same season, followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ by the Scott Knott test at 5% probability. * S1: sowing date 1; S2: sowing date 2; S3: sowing date 3.

Table 3.

Means of S × C × D interaction for transpiration (E) of two soybean cultivars, on three sowing dates and different doses of A. brasilense.

Sowing dates	Cultivars	iC (μmol CO₂ m⁻²·s⁻¹)
		Dose mL·ha⁻¹
		0	100	200	300	400
S1	M9144RR	331.00Aa	338.50Aa	329.00Aa	343.00Aa	347.00Aa
S1	TMG132RR	332.50Aa	344.00Aa	327.50Aa	336.50Aa	328.50Aa
S2	M9144RR	202.50Ba	198.50Ba	193.00Ba	198.50Bb	195.00Bb
S2	TMG132RR	202.50Ba	201.50Ba	219.00Ba	234.50Ba	247.50Ba
S3	M9144RR	211.50Ba	222.50Ba	234.00Ba	247.00Ba	305.00Aa
S3	TMG132RR	190.50Ba	196.00Ba	194.00Ba	192.00Ba	196.00Bb
Means between seasons, within the same cultivar, followed by the same capital letter in the column do not differ by the Scott Knott test at 5% probability. Means between cultivars, within the same season, followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ by the Scott Knott test at 5% probability. * S1: sowing date 1; S2: sowing date 2; S3: sowing date 3.

Table 4.

Means of S × C × D interaction for internal CO₂ concentration (iC) of two soybean cultivars, on three sowing dates and different doses of A. brasilense.

Sowing dates	Cultivars	A (µmol CO₂ m⁻²·s⁻¹)
		Dose mL ha⁻¹
		0	100	200	300	400
S1	M9144RR	20.35Aa	21.05Aa	20.10Aa	21.70Aa	23.10Aa
S1	TMG132RR	18.90Ab	19.00Aa	17.75Ab	20.85Aa	23.70Aa
S2	M9144RR	16.0Ba	15.60Ca	16.25Ca	17.05Ba	17.20Cb
S2	TMG132RR	16.55Ba	16.95Ba	15.65Ba	15.80Bb	21.60Ba
S3	M9144RR	17.15Ba	18.75Ba	18.55Ba	17.40Ba	20.00Ba
S3	TMG132RR	14.30Cb	14.65Cb	13.50Cb	14.00Cb	12.75Cb
Means between seasons, within the same cultivar, followed by the same capital letter in the column do not differ by the Scott Knott test at 5% probability. Means between cultivars, within the same season, followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ by the Scott Knott test at 5% probability. * S1: sowing date 1; S2: sowing date 2; S3: sowing date 3.

Table 5.

Means of S × C × D interaction for net photosynthesis rate (A) of two soybean cultivars, on three sowing dates and different doses of A. brasilense.

Sowing dates	Cultivars	GY (kg·ha⁻¹)
		Doses (mL·ha⁻¹)
		0	100	200	300	400
S1	M9144RR	2,512 Aa	2,438 Aa	2,578 Bb	2,737 Ab	2,529 Bb
S1	TMG1188RR	2,471 Ba	2,472 Ba	3,235 Aa	3,239 Aa	3,210 Aa
S2	M9144RR	2,792 Aa	2,658 Ab	3,212Aa	2,844 Aa	3,441 Aa
S2	TMG1188RR	3,022 Aa	3,450 Aa	3,094 Aa	2,331 Bb	2,644 Bb
S3	M9144RR	1,106 Ba	1,508 Ba	1,265 Cb	1,251 Bb	1,730 Ca
S3	TMG1188RR	1,553 Ca	1,506 Ca	1,609 Ba	1,562 Ca	1,311 Cb
Means between seasons, within the same cultivar, followed by the same capital letter in the column do not differ by the Scott Knott test at 5% probability. Means between cultivars, within the same season, followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ by the Scott Knott test at 5% probability. * S1: sowing date 1; S2: sowing date 2; S3: sowing date 3.

Table 6.

Means of S × C × D interaction for grain yield (GY) of two soybean cultivars, on three sowing dates and different doses of A. brasilense.