Figures (1)  Tables (3)
    • Figure 1. 

      Techniques and prospects for genetic transformation of conifers. (a) Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. (b) Genetic transformation via biolistic bombardment. (c) Protoplast transformation. (d) Potential strategies for transformation improvement in conifers.

    • Tree speciesPlasmidsStrainsGenesPromotersRef.
      Pinus
      Pinus pineap35SGUSintEHA105/LBA4404/
      C58GV3850
      uidA35S[28]
      Pinus strobuspGIN/pBIV/pBIVSAR/pBINm-gfp5-ERC58pMP90GUS35S/2 × 35S[9]
      pCAMBIA1301GV3101GUS35S[10]
      Pinus taedapAD1289/pToK47/pBISN1/pWWS006LBA4404/GV3101/EHA105GUS35S[51]
      pPCV6NFHygGUSINTGV3101GUS35S[52]
      pGUS3/pSSLa.3EHA101/EHA105GUS35S/RbcS[53]
      pCAMBIA1301EHA105GUS35S[54]
      pCAMBIA1301GV3101/EHA105/LBA4404GUS35S[55]
      pBIGMLBA4404Mt1D/GutD35S[22]
      Pinus radiatapBI121LBA4404GUS35S[56]
      pGA643AGL1GUS35S[11]
      pGUL/pKEAEHA105NPTII/uidA/Bar35S[57]
      pMP2482/pTGUS/ p4CL/pSLJ1111/pLN27/pLUGKYRT1GFP35S/CoA ligase 1[32]
      Pinus pinasterpPCV6NFGUSC58pMP90GUS35S[58]
      pBINUbiGUSintEHA105/AGL1/LBA4404GUSubi1[59]
      Pinus patulapAHC25LBA4404GUSubiquitin[12]
      Pinus elliottiipCAMBIA1301EHA105/GV3101/LBA4404GUS35S[30]
      Pinus massonianapBI121EHA105CslA235S[13]
      Pinus tabuliformispBI121GV3101GUS35S[31]
      Larix
      Larix deciduapRi11325Rhizogenes strains 11325Ri plasmid/[7]
      pCGN1133/pWB139strains 11325Bt/aroA35S[21]
      hybrid larchpMRKE70KmC58pMP90NPTII35S[60]
      pCAMBIA1301GV3101GUS35S[61]
      Larix olgensispCAMBIA1300/pBI121GV3101GUS35S/PtHCA2-1[35]
      VB191103GV3101LoHDZ235S[25]
      Larix kaempferiSuper1300-GFPGV3101LaCDKB1;2Super[24]
      Picea
      Picea sitchensisMOG23LBA4404/strain 1065GUS35S[62]
      Picea abiespAD1289/pToK47/pBISN1/pWWS006LBA4404/GV3101/EHA105GUS35S[51]
      pBIV10C58/pMP90GUS2 × 35S[63]
      pET-22bLBA4404Cry3A35S[23]
      Picea marianapBIV10C58/pMP90GUS2 × 35S[63]
      Picea glaucapBIV10C58/pMP90GUS2 × 35S[63]
      pBI121EHA105/GV3101/
      LBA4404
      GUS35S[29]
      pUC19C58pMP90WUS/CHAP3AG10[64]
      Abies
      Abies spp.pTS2AGLOGUS2 × 35S[65]
      Abies koreanapBIV10/MP90C58/pMP90/LBA4404GUS2 × 35S[66]
      Taxus
      Taxus brevifolia/Taxus baccata/Bo542/C58//[8]
      Chamaecyparis
      Chamaecyparis obtusapBin19-sgfpC58/pMP90GFP35S[67]
      Cryptomeria
      Cryptomeria japonicapIG121-Hm/pUbiP-GFP-HygGV3101/pMP90GFP/GUS35S/ubiquitin[68]
      pIG121-HmGV3101/pMP90GFP35S[69]

      Table 1. 

      Plant expression vector construction.

    • Tree speciesAcceptor materialsCo-culture timeOD600nm ResultsRef.
      Pinus
      Pinus pineaCotyledons3 d1Cotyledons forming buds[28]
      Pinus strobusEmbryogenic tissues2 d0.6Regenerated plant[9]
      Mature zygotic embryos12 h0.8−1.0Regenerated plant[10]
      Pinus taedaEmbryogenic tissues2 d1Transient expression[51]
      Mature zygotic embryos3−5 d/Regenerated plant[52]
      Shoot apex7 d/Transgenic plants[53]
      Mature zygotic embryos3−5 d0.8−1.0Transgenic plants[54]
      Mature zygotic embryos3−5 d0.8−1.0Transgenic plants[55]
      Mature zygotic embryos3−5 d0.5−1.0Improve salt tolerance[22]
      Pinus radiataEmbryogenic tissues1 d0.6Stable transformation[56]
      Cotyledons5−60 minOD550nm = 0.4Transgenic plants[11]
      Embryogenic tissues5 dOD550nm = 0.5−0.8Transgenic plants[57]
      Micropropagated shoot3 dOD550nm = 0.35−0.4Transgenic plants[32]
      Pinus pinasterEmbryogenic tissues36 h0.6Transgenic plants[58]
      Embryogenic tissues3 d0.3Transgenic plants[59]
      Pinus patulaEmbryogenic tissues2 d0.5−0.75Transgenic tissues[12]
      Pinus elliottiiMature zygotic embryos3 d0.9Transgenic plants[30]
      Pinus massonianaMature zygotic embryos3 d0.5Transgenic plants[13]
      Pinus tabuliformisCallus/hypocotyls/Needles3 d0.8Transient expression[31]
      Larix
      Larix deciduaHypocotyls2−3 d/Regenerated plant[7]
      Hypocotyls4 d/Regenerated plant[21]
      hybrid larchEmbryogenic tissues2 d0.3Regenerated plant[60]
      Embryogenic tissues2 d0.5Regenerated plant[61]
      Larix olgensisEmbryogenic tissues3 d0.6Transgenic plants[35]
      Embryogenic tissues2 d0.5Enhance stress resistance[25]
      Larix kaempferiEmbryogenic tissues2 d0.1Promotes cell proliferation[24]
      Picea
      Picea sitchensisEmbryogenic cell lines3 d0.8−1.1Stable transformation[62]
      Picea abiesEmbryogenic tissues2 d1Transient expression[51]
      Embryogenic tissues2 d0.6Transgenic plants[63]
      Embryogenic tissues2 d/Transgenic plants[23]
      Picea marianaEmbryogenic tissues2 d0.6Transgenic plants[63]
      Picea glaucaEmbryogenic tissues2 d0.6Transgenic plants[63]
      Embryogenic tissues2 d1Transgenic plants[29]
      Embryogenic tissues//Transgenic plants[64]
      Abies
      Abies spp.Embryogenic tissues2 d0.6Transgenic plants[65]
      Abies koreanaEmbryogenic tissues3 d0.6Transgenic plants[66]
      Taxus
      Taxus brevifolia/Taxus baccataShoot segments3 d/Gall formation[8]
      Chamaecyparis
      Chamaecyparis obtusaEmbryogenic tissues2 d0.3Transgenic plants[67]
      Cryptomeria
      Cryptomeria japonicaEmbryogenic tissues2 d0.15Enhance transformation[68]
      Embryogenic tissues2 d0.2−0.6Transgenic plants[69]

      Table 2. 

      Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in conifers.

    • Tree speciesAcceptor materialsPlasmidsPromotersGenesResultsRef.
      Pinus
      Pinus taedaCotyledonspBI22135SGUSTransient expression[73]
      Pinus radiataSuspension cellspBI22135SGUSTransient expression[87]
      Embryogenic tissuespCW103/pCWI222 × 35SgusATransient expression[88]
      CotyledonspBI121/pCGUΔl/
      pAIGusN/pActl-D
      35S/UbBI/Adhl/ActlgusATransient expression[89]
      Embryogenic tissuespRC101/pCW12235S/EmuuidATransgenic plants[83]
      Embryogenic tissuespAHC25/pCW122maize ubiquitin/35SGUS/BarTransgenic plants[14]
      CallipCW122/pCADsense35Snpt II/CadTransgenic calli[90]
      Embryogenic tissuespMYC3425/pAW16/
      pCW132/pRN2
      Emu/ubiCry1AcTransgenic plants[15]
      Pinus concorta/Pinus banksianaMature pollenpBM113Kp/pRT99GUS/
      pAct1-D/pGA984
      35S/rice actinGUSTransient expression[81]
      Pinus sylvestrisCalli/Vegetative buds/
      Suspension cells
      pBI22135SGUSTransient expression[91]
      PollenpBI221/pRT99/pBI410/
      pBI426/pBM113
      35S/EmP/UbB1GUSTransient expression[79 ]
      Pinus strobusEmbryonal massesp35S-GFP/mGFP435SGFPTransient expression[72]
      Pinus aristata/Pinus griffithii/Pinus monticolaPollen tubespBI22135SGUSTransient expression[92]
      Pinus patulaEmbryogenic tissuespAHC2535SBar/GUSSomatic embryos[48]
      Pinus nigraEmbryogenic tissuespCW1222 × 35SGUSSomatic embryos[86]
      Pinus roxbughiiMature zygotic embryospAHC25maize ubiquitinBar/GUSTransgenic plants[16]
      Picea
      Picea glaucaZygotic embryos/Seedlings/
      embryogenic callus
      pUC1935SGUSTransient expression[82]
      Somatic embryospBI42635SGUSStable transformation[93]
      Somatic embryospTVBT4110035SGUS/BtTransgenic plants[49]
      Embryonal massesp35S-GFP/mGFP435SGFPTransient expression[72]
      Embryogenic tissuespKUB/pBI426maize ubiquitin/35Scry1AbTransgenic plants[26]
      Picea marianaEmbryogenic tissuespRT99GUS/pBM113Kp35SGUSTransient expression[94]
      Embryogenic tissuespRT99GUS/pGUSInt/
      pMON9909
      35S/Em protein of wheat/Rbcs/NOS/
      Actin/Arabin
      GUSTransient expression[76]
      Mature pollenpBM113Kp/pRT99GUS/
      pAct1-D/pGA984
      35S/rice actinGUSTransient expression[81]
      Embryonal massespRT99GUS/pBI42635SGUSTransgenic plants[84]
      Pollen/Embryonal masses/ Somatic embryosp35S-GFP/mGFP435SGFPTransient expression[72]
      Mature somatic embryospBI221.2335SGUSTransgenic plants[17]
      Picea abiesSomatic embryopRT99gus35SGUSStable transformation[77]
      Embryogenic tissuespRT99gus/pJIT65/
      Dc8gus/pBMI13Kp
      35S/2 × 35S/
      Act1-D/Dc8
      GUSTransient expression[80]
      PollenpBI221/pRT99/pBI410/
      pBI426/pBM113
      35S/EmP/UbB1GUSTransient expression[79]
      Embryogenic tissuespCW12235SGUSTransgenic plants[95]
      Embryogenic tissuespAHC25maize ubiquitinBarTransgenic plants[78]
      Embryogenic tissuespAHC25/pCW122maize ubiquitin/35SGUS/BarTransgenic plants[14]
      Embryogenic tissuespAHC25maize ubiquitinCCRTransgenic plants[27]
      Larix
      Larix × eurolepisEmbryogenic tissuespRT99GUS/pGUSInt/
      pMON9909
      35S/Em protein of wheat/Rbcs/NOS/
      Actin/Arabin
      GUSTransient expression[76]
      Larix laricinaEmbryonal massespBI426/pRT99gus/
      pRT66gus/pRT55gus
      35S/2 × 35SGUSTransient expression[75]
      Larix gmeliniiZygotic embryospUC-GHG/pBI221-HPT35SGUS/GFPTransgenic plants[34]
      Pseudotsuga
      Pseudotsuga menziesiiCotyledonspTVBTGUS35SGUSTransient expression[74]
      Chamaecyparis
      Chamaecyparis nootkatensisMature pollenpBM113Kp/pRT99GUS/
      pAct1-D/pGA984
      35S/rice actinGUSTransient expression[81]
      Tsuga
      Tsuga heterophyllaMature pollenpBM113Kp/pRT99GUS/
      pAct1-D/pGA984
      35S/rice actinGUSTransient expression[81]
      Abies
      Abies nordmannianaEmbryogenic tissuespCW12235SGUSTransgenic plants[85]

      Table 3. 

      Biolistic bombardment genetic transformation in conifers.