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Figure 1. 

Unrooted phylogenetic tree of VAP27s in grape, Arabidopsis, rice, and tomato. Vv: Vitis vinifera L. grape species; AT: Arabidopsis thaliana; OS: Oryza sativa; Soly: Solanum lycopersicum.

Figure 2. 

(a) Intron-exon structure and (b) conserved motifs of VvVAP27.

Figure 3. 

Expression profiles of the grape VvVAP27s gene. Hierarchical clustering of expression profiles of grape VAP27 genes across different tissues.

Figure 4. 

Heat map showing the expression profiles of VvVAP27 genes at different time points post-downy mildew infection. The color scale represents expression levels, with red indicating high expression level and blue indicating low expression level. The expression was normalized and the data are displayed as log₂ values.

Figure 5. 

Subcellular localization analysis of VvVAP27 members.

Figure 6. 

Responses of VvVAP27 induced by Phytophthora capsici infection. The inoculation of Phytophthora capsici was conducted on Nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently transformed with VvVAP27. (a) Observation of the phenotypes of VvVAP27 family members and the control after inoculation with Phytophthora capsici, visualized by trypan blue staining. (b) Statistical analysis of the lesion areas caused by Phytophthora capsici infection on Nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently transformed by VvVAP27. (c) The expression of VvVAP27 family members and GFP protein was detected by Western blot. The experiment was repeated three times and asterisks represent the level of significant differences (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).