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Figure 1. 

Regulatory network of G proteins in rice seed growth and development. G proteins transmit the BR, GA and other unknown signals, and regulate the nitrogen transport, the synthesis of plant hormones, the enzyme activity of AGPase, SS and α-amylase related to grain filling through many unknown downstream effectors, thereby control grain size and development. The β and γ subunits can enter into nucleus to influence the transcriptional activity of several transcription factors to affect cell proliferation and cell expansion. RGA1 interacts with TUD1 and mediates the early BR response. DEP1 influences grain longitudinal elongation by inhibiting the TON1-TRM-PP2A complex. CLG1 acts as the upstream of GS3 and promote its degradation. The external signals, the direct upstream receptors, and direct downstream effectors of G proteins are unknown.