Figures (5)  Tables (5)

    • Figure 1. 

      Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on the combined dataset of LSU, SSU, ITS, tef1-α and rpb2 sequence data. Bootstrap support values for ML equal to or greater than 75% and BYPP equal to or greater than 0.95 are given at the nodes. Newly generated sequences are in blue and type species are in bold.

    • Figure 2. 

      Chromolaenicola chaingraiensis (MFLU 24-0030, new host record). (a), (b) Colonies on the substrate. (c)–(f) Conidia and conidiogenous cells. (g)–(j) Conidia. (k) Germinating conidia. (l) Culture on MEA. Scale bars: (a), (b) = 500 µm, (c) = 30 µm, (d)–(j) = 10 µm, (k) = 20 µm, (l) = 10 mm.

    • Figure 3. 

      Chromolaenicola siamensis (MFLU 24-0029, new host record). (a), (b) Conidiomata on the substrate. (c) Section through conidiomata. (d) Peridium. (e), (f) Conidiogenous cells. (g)–(l) Conidia. (m) Germinating conidia. (n) Culture on MEA. Scale bars: (a), (b) = 500 µm, (c) = 50 µm, (d) = 20 µm, (e)–(m) = 5 µm, (n) = 10 mm.

    • Figure 4. 

      Chromolaenicola thailandensis (MFLU 24-0028, new host record, first report of asexual morph). (a), (b) Colonies on substrate. (c) Section through conidiomata. (d) Peridium. (e) Conidiogenous cells. (f)–(h) Conidia. (i) Germinating conidia. (j) Culture on MEA. Scale bars: (a), (b) = 500 µm, (c) = 50 µm, (d)–(i) = 10 µm, (j) = 10 mm.

    • Figure 5. 

      Culture characteristics on MEA. (a) Chromolaenicola thailandensis (MFLUCC 24-0056), (b) Chromolaenicola siamensis (MFLUCC 24-0057), (c) Chromolaenicola chiangraiensis (MFLUCC 24-0058).

    • GenePrimersPCR conditionsRef.
      ForwardReverse
      Large subunit (LSU)LR0RLR595 °C: 3 min, (94 °C: 30 s, 56 °C: 50 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 40 cycles 72 °C: 7 min[35]
      Small subunit (SSU)NS1NS495 °C for 3 min, (94 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 50 s, 72 °C :1 min) × 40 cycles 72 °C: 7 min[36]
      Internal transcribed spacer (ITS)ITS5ITS495 °C for 3 min, (94 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 50 s, 72 °C :1 min) × 40 cycles 72 °C: 7 min[36]
      Elongation factor-1 alpha (tef1- α)EF-1 983FEF1-2218R95 °C: 3 min, (94 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 50 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 40 cycles 72 °C: 7 min[37]
      RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2)fRPB2-5 FfRPB2-7cR95 °C: 5 min, (95 °C :1 min, 52 °C: 2 min, 72 °C: 90 s) × 40 cycles 72 °C: 10 min[38]

      Table 1. 

      PCR conditions used in this study.

    • SpeciesStrain numbersGenBank accession numbersRef.
      LSUSSUITStef1-αrpb2
      Bimuria omanensisSQUCC 15280NG_071257N/ANR_173301MT279046N/A[39]
      B. novae-zelandiaeCBS 107.79MH872950NAMH861181NAN/A[40]
      Chromolaenicola ananasiMFLU 23-0167OR438811OR458332OR438340OR500305N/A[30]
      C. clematidisMFLUCC 17-2075TMT310601MT214554MT226671N/AN/A[29]
      C. chiangraiensisMFLUCC 17-1493MN325005MN325011MN325017MN335650MN335655[17]
      C. chiangraiensisMFLUCC 24-0058PP464125PP464129PP464138PP474193PP474190This study
      Chromolaenicola nanensisMFLUCC 17-1477MN325002MN325008MN325014MN335647MN335653[17]
      C. nanensisMFLUCC 17-1473MN325003MN325009MN325015MN335648MN335653[17]
      C. lampangensisMFLUCC 17-1462MN325004MN325010MN325016MN335649MN335654[17]
      C. siamensisMFLUCC 17-2527NG_066311N/ANR_163337N/AN/A[28]
      C. siamensisMFLUCC 24-0057 PP464124PP464128PP464137PP474192PP474189This study
      C. sapindiKUMCC 21-0564TOP059009OP059058OP058967OP135943N/A[27]
      C. sapindiKUMCC 21-0594OP059010OP059059OP058968OP135944N/A[27]
      C. thailandensisMFLUCC 17-1510MN325006MN325012MN325018MN335651N/A[17]
      C. thailandensisMFLUCC 17-1475MN325007MN325013MN325019MN335652MN335656[17]
      C. thailandensisMFLUCC 24-0056PP464123PP464127PP464136PP474191PP474188This study
      Deniquelata barringtoniaeMFLUCC 11−0422JX254655JX254656NR_111779N/AN/A[41]
      D. quercinaABRIICC 10068MH316157MH316155MH316153N/AN/A[42]
      Didymocrea leucaenaeMFLUCC 17−0896NG_066304MK347826NR_164298MK360052N/A[28]
      D. sadasivaniiCBS 438.65DQ384103DQ384066MH870299N/AN/A[40]
      Letendraea cordylinicolaMFLUCC 11−0148NG_059530NG_068362NR_154118N/AN/A[41]
      L. helminthicolaCBS 884.85AY016362AY016345MK404145MK404174N/A[43]
      Montagnula acaciaeMFLUCC 18−1636ON117298ON117267ON117280ON158093N/A[44]
      M. acaciaeNCYUCC 19−0087ON117299ON117268ON117281ON158094N/A[44]
      M. aloesCPC 19671JX069847N/AJX069863N/AN/A[45]
      M. aloesCBS 132531NG_042676N/ANR_111757N/AN/A[40]
      Periconia pseudodigitataKT1395AB807564AB797274LC014591AB808540N/A[46]
      P. pseudodigitataKT1195AAB807563AB797273LC014590AB808539N/A[46]
      T: Type strains; Abbreviations of culture collections: CBS: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands, CPC: Working collection of Pedro Crous housed at CBS, KT: K. Tanaka, MFLUCC: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chiang Rai, Thailand, NCYUCC: National Chiayi University Culture Collection, Taiwan. SQUCC: Sultan Qaboos University Culture Collection, Sultanate of Oman. ABRIICC: Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran Culture Collection, Iran. Sequences generated in the current study are in bold. N/A: Not available.

      Table 2. 

      List of taxa, specimens and sequences used in phylogenetic analyses.

    • SpeciesConidiomata
      (µm)      		Peridium
      (µm)      		Conidiogenous cells
      (µm)      		Conidia
      (µm)      		Host/substrateRef.
      C. ananasi (MFLU 23-0167)−−−7–8 × 4–5Ananas comosus (Bromeliaceae)[30]
      C. chiangraiensis
      (MFLUCC 17-1493)      		−−3.5–6.5 × 1–29–14 × 6–9Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae)[17]
      C. chaingraiensis
      (MFLUCC 24-0058)      		−−2–4 × 1–29–13 × 6–10Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae)This study
      C. clematidis
      (MFLUCC 17–2075)      		76–145 × 107–1285–102.6–4.5 × 4–77–10 × 4.5–7Clematis subumbellata (Ranunculaceae)[29]
      C. lampangensis
      (MFLUCC 17-1462)      		150–230 × 170–27010–20–12–15 × 4–6.5Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae)[17]
      C. siamensis
      (= Cylindroaseptospora siamensis, MFLUCC 17–2527)      		110–165 × 140–19015–386.5–7.4 × 3.2–4.77.2–9.4 × 5.4–6.5Leucaena sp. (Fabaceae)[28]
      C. siamensis
      (MFLUCC 24-0057)      		130–235 × 170–23015–201–2.5 × 2–47–15 × 5–10Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae)This study
      C. thailandensis
      (MFLUCC 24-0056)      		100–150 × 110–15013–201–2 × 3–45–11 × 4–10Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae)This study

      Table 3. 

      Synopsis of recorded asexual morph of Chromolaenicola species.

    • SpeciesAscomata
      (μm)      		Peridium
      (μm)      		 Asci
      (μm)      		Ascospores
      (μm)      		Host/substrateRef.
      C. nanensis (MFLUCC 17-1473)210–230 × 200–22015–20110–145 × 10–12.516–20 × 7.5–9Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae)[17]
      C. spindi (KUMCC 21-0564)420–530 × 270–35015–25125–155 × 12–1616–23 × 6.5–9.5Sapindus rarak (Spindaceae)[27]
      C. thailandensis (MFLUCC 17-1510)145–225 × 175–24010–2090–160 × 10–1416–24 × 9–11Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae)[17]

      Table 4. 

      Synopsis of recorded sexual morph of Chromolaenicola species.

    • SpeciesZone of inhibition (mm); Ampicillin (+)Ref.
      Bacillus subtilisEscherichia coliStaphylococcus aureusMucor plumbeus
      Chromolaenicola ananasi (MFLU 23-0167)N/AN/AN/AN/A[30]
      C. chaingraiensis (MFLUCC 24-0058)10 mm inhibitionno inhibitionNo inhibitionN/AThis study
      C. chiangraiensis (MFLUCC 17-1493)No inhibitionNo inhibitionN/Ano inhibition[17]
      C. clematidis (MFLUCC 17-2075)N/AN/AN/AN/A[29]
      C. lampangensis (MFLUCC 17-1462)No inhibitionno inhibitionN/A14 mm inhibition[17]
      C. nanensis (MFLUCC 17-1473)No inhibitionNo inhibitionN/A12 mm inhibition[17]
      C. siamensis (MFLUCC 17-2527)N/AN/AN/AN/A[28]
      C. siamensis (MFLUCC 24-0057)18 mm inhibitionno inhibitionno inhibitionN/AThis study
      C. spindii (KUMCC 21-0564)N/AN/AN/AN/A[27]
      C. thailandensis (MFLUCC 17-1510)No inhibitionNo inhibitionN/ANo inhibition[17]
      C. thailandensis (MFLUCC 24-0056)17 mm inhibitionNo inhibitionNo inhibitionN/AThis study
      N/A: Not available; Positive control (+): Ampicillin.

      Table 5. 

      Preliminary antimicrobial activity result of Chromolaenicola species.