Figures (8)  Tables (10)
    • Figure 1. 

      Schematic diagram of the simulated scene.

    • Figure 2. 

      Maximum evacuation time: (a) 200, (b) 400, (c) 600.

    • Figure 3. 

      Simulation chart: (a) 200 people without dedicated exits, (b) 200 people with dedicated exits, (c) 400 people without dedicated exits, (d) 400 people with dedicated exits, (e) 600 people without dedicated exits, (f) 600 people with dedicated exits.

    • Figure 4. 

      Change in the number of people remaining in the room over time: (a) 200 people without dedicated exits, (b) 200 people with dedicated exits, (c) 400 people without dedicated exits, (d) 400 people with dedicated exits, (e) 600 people without dedicated exits, (f) 600 people with dedicated exits.

    • Figure 5. 

      Statistical graph of maximum evacuation time and OPS value for each working condition.

    • Figure 6. 

      Heat map of OPS values for evacuation without dedicated exits.

    • Figure 7. 

      Schematic diagram of the designated area.

    • Figure 8. 

      Evacuation time: (a) 600 people, (b) 400 people, (c) 200 people.

    • ParametersSenseValue
      $ {\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{i}} $Pedestrian velocity vector
      $ {\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{i}}^{0} $Pedestrian desired speed
      $ {\mathit{e}}_{\mathit{i}}^{0} $Direction of expected pedestrian speed
      $ {\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{i}} $Actual pedestrian speed
      $ \mathit{m} $Pedestrian quality80 kg
      $ \mathit{r} $pedestrian radius0.2−0.25 m
      $ {\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}} $Sum of the radii of two pedestrians
      $ {\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}} $Distance between the centers of two pedestrians
      Asocial exclusion2,000 N
      BDistance to social exclusion characteristics0.08 m
      $ \mathit{\kappa } $coefficient of sliding friction240,000 kg/m/s
      kBody Compression Factor120,000 kg/s2
      $ {\mathit{\tau }}_{\mathit{i}} $Pedestrian response time0.5 s

      Table 1. 

      Parameters and their meanings in the social force model.

    • Pedestrian density (p/m2)Level of servive
      0−0.31A
      0.31−0.43B
      0.43−0.72C
      0.72−1.08D
      1.08−2.17E
      2.17−5.4F

      Table 2. 

      Level of service value.

    • Percentage of
      vulnerable populations
      Maximum evacuation time
      200 people400 people600 people
      Option 1Option 2Option 3Option 1Option 2Option 3Option 1Option 2Option 3
      10%40.3 s41.4 s61.8 s 87.3 s91.8 s127.5 s127.5 s155.1 s210.3 s
      20%48.9 s54.3 s69.6 s117.3 s97.2 s152.1 s162.3 s180.6 s242.1 s
      30%69.9 s54.9 s84.0 s138.9 s111.3 s184.8 s185.7 s193.5 s245.4 s
      40%80.7 s62.7 s97.2 s167.1 s134.4 s188.7 s209.4 s225.0 s258.9 s
      50%87 s72.9 s98.4 s177.3 s153 s216.3 s249.3 s235.9 s286.8 s

      Table 3. 

      Maximum evacuation time.

    • Percentage of
      vulnerable populations
      Average evacuation time for normal populationa
      200 people400 people600 people
      Option 1Option 2δTOption 1Option 2TOption 1Option 2T
      10%14.1 s17.8 s−26.2%23.4 s38.1 s−74.4%39.1 s60.8 s−55.5%
      20%14.1 s20.8 s−47.5%25.5 s35.4 s−38.8%49.2 s74.4 s−51.2%
      30%14.3 s20.1 s−40.6%27.1 s35.6 s−31.4%46.9 s83.7 s−79.5%
      40%17.6 s20.5 s−16.5%28.9 s42.7 s−47.8%60.4 s94.6 s−56.6%
      50%18.8 s21.7 s−15.4%32.1 s42.7 s−33.0%59.5 s95.1 s−59.8%

      Table 4. 

      Average evacuation time for normal populations.

    • Percentage of
      vulnerable populations
      Average evacuation time for vulnerable populations
      200 people400 people600 people
      Option 1Option 2δTOption 1Option 2δTOption 1Option 2δT
      10%24.7 s20.6 s16.6%52.6 s44.7 s15.0%76.7 s63.6 s17.1%
      20%27.4 s24.5 s10.6%62.7 s52.8 s15.8%87.1 s72.8 s16.4%
      30%32.7 s31.4 s4.0%68.1 s61.2 s10.1%95.1 s91.8 s3.5%
      40%38.6 s33.2 s14.0%76.0 s70.7 s7.0%108.6 s99.2 s8.7%
      50%41.3 s39.0 s5.6%81.4 s70.7 s13.1%117.3 s108.5 s7.5%

      Table 5. 

      Average evacuation time for vulnerable populations.

    • Working
      condition
      Dedicated exit locationNumber of evacueesPercentage of vulnerable populations
      MiddleSideNo200 people400 people600 people30%40%50%
      1
      2
      3
      4
      5
      6
      7
      8
      9
      10
      11
      12
      13
      14
      15
      16
      17
      18

      Table 6. 

      Working conditions.

    • CaseE1 (left exit)E2 (right exit)E3 (middle exit)OPS
      10.9440.8520.7590.093
      20.6090.6090.7970.341
      30.6940.8060.8870.073
      40.5750.6130.9250.356
      50.9310.7780.9170.09
      60.6860.640.930.297
      70.8560.9550.9190.072
      80.5290.6160.9710.395
      90.8280.9630.8880.112
      100.5390.6350.9760.386
      110.5390.6350.9760.111
      120.6210.6270.9770.35
      130.9740.9590.6270.189
      140.730.8540.9780.186
      150.6790.8470.9840.211
      160.7610.8760.9810.163
      170.9730.9870.8130.087
      180.6790.8470.9840.221

      Table 7. 

      Evacuation efficiency and OPS of each exits under different working conditions.

    • Width (m)Length (m)
      101214161820
      5174 s163 s162 s158 s164 s169 s
      6179 s166 s161 s158 s166 s160 s
      7179 s167 s162 s155 s156 s161 s
      8156 s157 s159 s153 s150 s159 s
      9168 s155 s152 s150 s145 s144 s
      10165 s162 s154 s162 s142 s150 s

      Table 8. 

      Evacuation times for different zone sizes for 20% of vulnerable populations.

    • Width (m)Length (m)
      101214161820
      5185 s192 s184 s184 s191 s193 s
      6200 s186 s176 s171 s190 s186 s
      7198 s182 s177 s173 s174 s176 s
      8190 s180 s176 s181 s177 s175 s
      9191 s175 s178 s172 s177 s171 s
      10193 s183 s183 s187 s170 s176 s

      Table 9. 

      Evacuation times for different zone sizes for 30% of vulnerable populations.

    • Width (m)Length (m)
      101214161820
      5215 s215 s209 s204 s200 s212 s
      6209 s199 s200 s203 s217 s199 s
      7207 s208 s212 s193 s204 s199 s
      8206 s205 s202 s198 s201 s195 s
      9212 s204 s202 s198 s196 s203 s
      10223 s205 s217 s217 s213 s200 s

      Table 10. 

      Evacuation times for different zone sizes for 40% of vulnerable populations.