Figures (3)  Tables (4)

    • Figure 1. 

      Drawing showing labels pointing to teeth, gums, roof of the mouth, bottom of the mouth, tongue, and inside of the cheek[3].

    • Figure 2. 

      Return to the methods of folk medicine through increased consumer awareness.

    • Figure 3. 

      Biofilm formation scheme.

    • Average no. of S. mutans at the beginning of therapy (CFU/mL) Average no. of S. mutans after therapy (CFU/mL)
      Research sample 14.23 × 10−5 ± 7.67 0.45 × 10−5 ± 0.28
      Control sample 13.79 × 10−5 ± 11.11 30.22 × 10−5 ± 33.57

      Table 1. 

      Average number of S. mutans at the beginning and end of treatment for the trial with R. prinoides extract and for the control trial[12].

    • Time of therapy Average plaque index
      Group A Group B
      Before mouth wash 1.493 ± 0.017 1.483 ± 0.027
      First day after mouth wash 1.493 ± 0.017 1.483 ± 0.027
      After 1 month 1.173 ± 0.045 1.293 ± 0.018
      After 2 months 0.853 ± 0.055 1.065 ± 0.049
      After 3 months 0.683 ± 0.050 0.795 ± 0.022

      Table 2. 

      Results of the mean values of the plaque index in both groups.

    • Concentration
      of Robusta
      coffee extract      		 Mean growth inhibition zone [mm] +
      standard deviation
      P. gingivalis A.
      actinomycetemcomitans      		 S. viridans
      0% (control test) 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
      6.25% 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
      12.50% 13.14 ± 0.24 8.40 ± 0.22 12.15 ± 0.25
      25.00% 16.59 ± 0.17 12.20 ± 0.10 14.95 ± 0.10
      50.00% 19.18 ± 0.18 16.15 ± 0.12 18.15 ± 0.19

      Table 3. 

      Results of the mean periopathogenic bacterial growth inhibition zone with standard deviation after using Robusta coffee extract at different concentrations.

    • Plant Rosmarinus officinalis L. Punica granatum L. Rosa centifolia L. Curcuma longa L.
      Active ingredients Gallotannin, chlorogenic acid,
      p-coumaric acid      		 Gallotannin, quercetin or kaempferol Gallic acid, gallium, p-coumaric acid, derivative of quercetin Curcumin

      Table 4. 

      Active compounds detected by HPLC from plant extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis, Punica granatum, Rosa centifolia, and Curcuma longa).