Figures (1)  Tables (3)
    • Figure 1. 

      Crosstalk of light and JA/SA during plant defense and development. Key components in light signal transduction such as phyB, PIFs, and HY5 play roles in JA/SA signaling through manipulating AOS/AOC/LOX, JAZs, MYCs (fundamental elements in JA biosynthesis or signaling) and ICS1, NPR1, WRKYs (key players in SA biosynthesis or signaling). Created with BioRender.com.

    • Species Pathogens/insects Mechanism Light treatment and
      key light element
      Arabidopsis Botrytis cinerea Red light can regulate JA biosynthesis and metabolism through
      phyB signaling, affecting the stability of JAZ9 protein[38].
      Red light treatment,
      phyB signaling
      Arabidopsis Diamondback moth
      (Plutella xylostella)
      UV-B decreases the attractiveness of Arabidopsis plants for the diamondback moth in a JA signaling-dependent manner[39]. UV-B treatment
      Soybean Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) Blue light treatment can induce JA signaling pathway and increase
      the expression of GmMYC2 and GmERFs[40].
      Blue light treatment
      Soybean Fusarium verticillioides JA can promote resistance to infection by promoting the accumulation
      of isoflavone in soybean pods; vegetative stage shading can promote isoflavone accumulation and improve pod resistance to Fusarium verticillioides[41].
      Vegetative stage
      shading treatment
      Tomato Botrytis cinerea FR light inhibits phyB signaling, thus reducing JA response, and
      resulting in elevated leaf glucose and fructose levels, and enhancing
      tomato sensitivity to disease caused by Botrytis cinerea[42].
      FR light treatment,
      phyB signaling
      Tomato Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) High photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased thrips
      resistance against thrips in tomato by inducing the expression of
      JA-responsive defense-related genes (such as PROTEINASE INHIBITOR-IIf
      (PI-IIf), THREONINE DEAMINASE-2 (TD-2) and JASMONATE INDUCIBLE
      PROTEIN-21J(JIP-21))[43].
      Light intensity
      Broccoli Pieris brassicae Supplementary levels of moderate UV-B on broccoli sprouts increased the expression of JA signaling genes, while negatively affecting the performance of Pieris brassicae caterpillars[44]. UV-B treatment
      Watermelon Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) Red light can significantly increase the expression of JA biosynthesis genes (AOS and LOX), and JA content in roots, triggering plant
      defenses against nematodes[45].
      Red light treatment

      Table 1. 

      Effect of light treatment on JA-modulated plant defense.

    • Species Pathogens Mechanism Light treatment and
      key light element
      Cucumber Powdery mildew Compared with white light, Red light increases the expression of SA signaling marker genes (PR1, WRKY30, and WRKY6) and improves disease resistance[52]. Red light treatment
      Oriental melon Powdery mildew Red light promotes SA biosynthesis and resistance against powdery mildew through the PIF8-WRKY42-ICS module. PIF8 serves as a negative regulator of WRKY42, thereby inhibiting transcriptional activation of downstream ICS[47]. Red light treatment
      Arabidopsis Pseudomonas syringae
      pv. tomato DC3000
      Constant light induces the production of SA, which counters effector-induced stomatal closure by Pst DC3000, thus allowing for transpiration and inducing SA-related disease resistance[50]. Constant light treatment
      Tomato Pseudomonas syringae
      pv. tomato DC3000
      A 12-hour red light exposure at night enhanced tomato resistance, significantly upregulating transcription factors including WRKY18, WRKY53, WRKY60, and WRKY70, while NPR1 silencing partly reduced Pst DC3000 resistance induced by red light[48]. Red light treatment
      during the night
      Pepper Phytophthora capsici Red light induces SA accumulation through HY5 to enhance
      resistance against Phytophthora capsici[17].
      Red light treatment; HY5
      Soybean Soybean mosaic virus Blue light triggers soybean resistance to SMV by orchestrating
      SA and JA defense pathways[40].
      Blue light treatment

      Table 2. 

      Effect of light treatments on SA-mediated plant defense.

    • Phytohormone
      type
      Species Abiotic stress Mechanism Light treatment and
      key light element
      JA Tomato Cold stress PhyA induces the expression of JA signaling components, increases the expression of CBF1, thus enhances cold tolerance in tomatoes[17]. Low R/FR light treatment
      Arabidopsis Heat and
      high light stress
      Combined high light and heat stress will increase the levels of JA and JA-Ile, as well as the expression of transcripts related to JA biosynthesis[64]. Additionally, a JA-deficient mutant (aos) is more sensitive to heat stress[64]. High light treatment
      Arabidopsis High light/
      UV-B stress
      TCP4 interacts with UVR8, activating the transcription of the JA synthesis gene LOX2, which subsequently improves UV tolerance[21]. High light treatment
      SA Barley Cold acclimation SA levels were lowered under WFR and WFRB light conditions compared to W light[65]. Blue and FR light supplementation to white light (WFRB), white light enriched with FR (WFR)
      Barley Cold acclimation FR light represses SA levels at low temperatures in Barley leaves. This phenomenon may exhibit similarities to the SAS[66]. Far-red light supplementation
      Tomato Chilling stress The SA biosynthesis gene SlPAL5 alleviates photosystem II damage under chilling stress[67]. /
      Arabidopsis High light stress High light conditions have been found to increase SA content[62]. Exogenous SA application can alleviate photoinhibition and improve photoprotection from high light in Arabidopsis[68]. High light treatment
      Rice High light stress High light significantly increases SA levels[62]. Endogenous SA protects rice from oxidative damage caused by high light[63]. High light treatment

      Table 3. 

      Effect of light treatments on JA/SA-mediated abiotic stress.