Figures (1)  Tables (3)

    • Figure 1. 

      Crosstalk of light and JA/SA during plant defense and development. Key components in light signal transduction such as phyB, PIFs, and HY5 play roles in JA/SA signaling through manipulating AOS/AOC/LOX, JAZ, MYCs (fundamental element in JA biosynthesis or signaling) and ICS1, NPR1, WRKYs (key players in SA biosynthesis or signaling). Created with BioRender.com.

    • SpeciesPathogens/insectsMechanismLight treatment and
      key light element
      ArabidopsisBotrytis cinereaRed light can regulate JA biosynthesis and metabolism through
      phyB signaling, affecting the stability of JAZ9 protein[38].      		Red light treatment,
      phyB signaling
      ArabidopsisDiamondback moth
      (Plutella xylostella)      		UV-B decreases the attractiveness of Arabidopsis plants for the diamondback moth in a JA signaling-dependent manner[39].UV-B treatment
      SoybeanSoybean mosaic virus (SMV)Blue light treatment can induce JA signaling pathway and increase
      the expression of GmMYC2 and GmERFs[40].      		Blue light treatment
      SoybeanFusarium verticillioidesJA can promote resistance to infection by promoting the accumulation
      of isoflavone in soybean pods; vegetative stage shading can promote isoflavone accumulation and improve pod resistance to Fusarium verticillioides[41].      		Vegetative stage
      shading treatment
      TomatoBotrytis cinereaFR light inhibits phyB signaling, thus reducing JA response, and resulting in elevated leaf glucose and fructose levels, and enhancing tomato sensitivity to disease caused by Botrytis cinerea[42].FR light treatment,
      phyB signaling
      TomatoThrips (Frankliniella occidentalis)High photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased thrips resistance against thrips in tomato by inducing the expression of JA-responsive defense-related genes (such as PROTEINASE INHIBITOR-IIf (PI-IIf), THREONINE DEAMINASE-2 (TD-2) and JASMONATE INDUCIBLE PROTEIN-21J(JIP-21))[43].Light intensity
      BroccoliPieris brassicaeSupplementary levels of moderate UV-B on broccoli sprouts increased the expression of JA signaling genes, while negatively affecting the performance of Pieris brassicae caterpillars[44].UV-B treatment
      WatermelonRoot knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)Red light can significantly increase the expression of JA biosynthesis genes (AOS and LOX), and JA content in roots, triggering plant
      defenses against nematodes[45].      		Red light treatment

      Table 1. 

      Effect of light treatment on JA-modulated plant defense.

    • SpeciesPathogensMechanismLight treatment and
      key light element
      CucumberPowdery mildew
      Powdery mildew      		Compared with white light, Red light increases the expression of SA signaling marker genes (PR1, WRKY30, and WRKY6) and improves disease resistance[57].Red light treatment
      Oriental melonRed light promotes SA biosynthesis and resistance against powdery mildew through the PIF8-WRKY42-ICS module. PIF8 serves as a negative regulator of WRKY42, thereby inhibiting transcriptional activation of downstream ICS[47].Red light treatment
      ArabidopsisPseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000
      Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000      		Constant light induces the production of SA, which counters effector-induced stomatal closure by Pst DC3000, thus allowing for transpiration and inducing SA-related disease resistance[50].Constant light treatment
      TomatoA 12-hour red light exposure at night enhanced tomato resistance, significantly upregulating transcription factors including WRKY18, WRKY53, WRKY60, and WRKY70, while NPR1 silencing partly reduced Pst DC3000 resistance induced by red light[48].Red light treatment
      during the night
      PepperPhytophthora capsiciRed light induces SA accumulation through HY5 to enhance resistance against Phytophthora capsici[17].Red light treatment; HY5
      SoybeanSoybean mosaic virusBlue light triggers soybean resistance to SMV by orchestrating SA and JA defense pathways[40].Blue light treatment

      Table 2. 

      Effect of light treatments on SA-mediated plant defense.

    • Phytohormone
      type      		SpeciesAbiotic stressMechanismLight treatment and
      key light element
      JATomatoCold stressPhyA induces the expression of JA signaling components, increases the expression of CBF1, thus enhances cold tolerance in tomatoes[23].Low R/FR light treatment
      ArabidopsisHeat and
      high light stress      		Combined high light and heat stress will increase the levels of JA and JA-Ile, as well as the expression of transcripts related to JA biosynthesis[67]. Additionally, a JA-deficient mutant (aos) is more sensitive to heat stress[67].High light treatment
      ArabidopsisHigh light/UV-B stressTCP4 interacts with UVR8, activating the transcription of the JA synthesis gene LOX2, which subsequently improves UV tolerance[20].High light treatment
      SABarleyCold acclimationSA levels were lowered under WFR and WFRB light conditions compared to W light[62].Blue and FR light supplementation to white light (WFRB), white light enriched with FR (WFR)
      BarleyCold acclimationFR light represses SA levels at low temperatures in Barley leaves. This phenomenon may exhibit similarities to the SAS[68].Far-red light supplementation
      TomatoChilling stressThe SA biosynthesis gene SlPAL5 alleviates photosystem II damage under chilling stress[63]./
      ArabidopsisHigh light stressHigh light conditions have been found to increase SA content[64]. Exogenous SA application can alleviate photoinhibition and improve photoprotection from high light in Arabidopsis[66].High light treatment
      RiceHigh light stressHigh light significantly increases SA levels[64]. Endogenous SA protects rice from oxidative damage caused by high light[65].High light treatment

      Table 3. 

      Effect of light treatments on JA/SA-mediated abiotic stress.