Enhancing salt stress tolerance of forage sorghum by foliar application of ortho-silicic acid

Pankaj; Sarita Devi; Prakriti Dhaka; Gayatri Kumari; Satpal; Nita Lakra; Sunder S. Arya; Yogesh K. Ahlawat; Pankaj; Sarita Devi; Prakriti Dhaka; Gayatri Kumari; Satpal; Nita Lakra; Sunder S. Arya; Yogesh K. Ahlawat

doi:10.48130/grares-0024-0014

Figures (2) Tables (4)

Figure 1.
Effect of ortho-silicic acid (OSA) on protein (% DM), fiber (% DM), Total Soluble Sugar (TSS) (% DM) and lignin (% DM) of Sorghum genotypes CSV33MF and SSG 59-3 grown under different levels of salt stress at 40 DAS. Data having the same letters in the column do not differ significantly while groups with different letters suggest a significant difference (Tukey's HSD test p < 0.05) with error degree of freedom = 48.
Figure 2.
Pattern of correlation and level of significance observed among different traits across all the treatments in both sorghum genotypes. TSS (Total Soluble Sugar), PROTEIN, FIBRE, LIGNIN, A (Assimilation Rate), g_s (Stomatal Conductance), DW (Dry Weight of Stem, Leaf and Root), FW (Fresh Weight of Stem, Leaf and Root), WP (Water Potential), E (Transpiration Rate), RWC (Relative Water Content); PLANTHT (Plant Height), Fv/Fm (Chlorophyll Fluoroscence), CHL (Chlorophyll Content).

Salt level	OSA (mg·L⁻¹)	FWS (g·plant⁻¹)	FWL (g·plant⁻¹)	FWR (g·plant⁻¹)	PH (cm)	DWS (g·plant⁻¹)	DWL (g·plant⁻¹)	DWR (g·plant⁻¹)	LA (cm²)
0 dS·m⁻¹	0	29.73^cd ± 0.64	11.40^bc ± 0.55	10.06^abcd ± 0.29	114.0^ab ± 8.39	9.01^bc ± 0.19	2.84^abc ± 0.14	3.05^abc ± 0.09	689.0^abc ± 33.4
	1.5	33.90^ab ± 0.55	12.50^ab ± 0.47	11.66^ab ± 0.23	129.7^a ± 4.18	9.97^ab ± 0.16	3.12^ab ± 0.12	3.38^ab ± 0.08	756.6^ab ± 28.7
	2.5	34.83^a ± 0.46	13.76^a ± 0.61	12.13^a ± 0.27	136.0^a ± 5.29	10.85^a ± 0.14	3.43^a ± 0.15	3.67^a ± 0.07	832.0^a ± 35.2
4 dS·m⁻¹	0	28.20^de ± 0.83	11.16^bc ± 0.38	9.86^bcde ± 0.73	112.0^ab ± 3.79	8.26^cd ± 0.25	2.70^bcd ± 0.18	2.98^abc ± 0.22	663.6^bc ± 43.4
	1.5	30.83^bcd ± 0.44	12.06^ab ± 0.17	11.43^abc ± 0.23	120.3^a ± 7.36	9.03^bc ± 0.15	2.92^abc ± 0.05	3.20^ac ± 0.05	717.3^ab ± 11.2
	2.5	32.26^abc ± 0.23	12.56^ab ± 0.32	11.76^ab ± 0.29	124.3^a ± 5.90	9.49^abc ± 0.06	3.14^ab ± 0.08	3.41^ab ± 0.23	769.6^ab ± 18.4
6 dS·m⁻¹	0	21.03^gh ± 0.43	8.60^de ± 0.06	7.80^ef ± 0.42	82.6^cd ± 4.42	5.81^ef ± 0.55	2.18^d ± 0.01	2.36^cde ± 0.13	479.6^de ± 03.0
	1.5	24.10^fg ± 0.40	9.16^d ± 0.55	9.33^de ± 0.69	93.0^bc ± 1.16	6.50^e ± 0.53	2.36^cd ± 0.28	2.48^cde ± 0.36	499.3^d ± 29.6
	2.5	25.20^ef ± 0.55	9.76^cd ± 0.27	9.40^cde ± 0.12	95.3^bc ± 1.33	6.73^de ± 0.38	2.46^cd ± 0.07	2.75^bcd ± 0.07	548.3^cd ± 16.0
8 dS·m⁻¹	0	14.40ⁱ ± 1.46	5.56^f ± 0.37	5.90^f ± 0.32	47.7^e ± 2.33	3.85^g ± 0.45	1.40^e ± 0.05	1.80^e ± 0.21	302.0^f ± 12.2
	1.5	17.00ⁱ ± 0.89	6.03^f ±0.13	6.76^f ± 0.41	58.7^de ± 4.33	4.64^fg ± 0.27	1.47^e ± 0.04	2.01^de ± 0.10	318.0^f ± 05.0
	2.5	17.83^hi ± 0.53	6.70^ef ±0.15	7.16^f ± 0.46	63.0^de ± 2.08	4.88^fg ± 0.16	1.54^e ± 0.01	2.11^de ± 0.10	340.0^f ± 05.1
	MSE	1.43	0.43	0.505	12.5	0.298	0.045	0.085	49.8
	C.D	2.03	1.11	1.20	13.9	0.92	0.36	0.49	82.8
	S.E (m)	0.69	0.38	0.41	4.74	0.31	0.12	0.17	28.2
	S.E (d)	0.98	0.54	0.58	6.71	0.45	0.17	0.24	39.9
Data having the same letters in the column do not differ significantly while groups with different letters suggest a significant difference (Tukey's HSD test p < 0.05) with error degree of freedom = 24; MSE (Mean Square Error) at 5%. * Values are presented as mean ± standard error (n = 3).

Table 1.

Effect of ortho-silicic acid (OSA) on fresh weight stem (FWS), fresh weight leaf (FWL), fresh weight root (FWR), plant height (PH), dry weight stem (DWS), dry weight leaf (DWL), dry weight root (DWR) and leaf area (LA) of Sorghum genotype CSV 33MF grown under different levels of salt stress.

Salt level	OSA (mg·L⁻¹)	FWS (g·plant⁻¹)	FWL (g·plant⁻¹)	FWR (g·plant⁻¹)	PH (cm)	DWS (g·plant⁻¹)	DWL (g·plant⁻¹)	DWR (g·plant⁻¹)	LA (cm²)
0 dS·m⁻¹	0	29.10^a ± 0.47	11.53^abc ± 1.47	10.03^abc ± 0.69	118.7^b ± 4.8	8.82^b ± 0.14	2.88^ab ± 0.37	3.04^ab ± 0.21	697.0^c ± 31.5
	1.5	31.57^a ± 0.69	13.77^a ± 0.76	10.56^ab ± 0.32	132.3^ab ± 1.3	9.55^ab ± 0.20	3.42^a ± 0.18	3.23^ab ± 0.14	829.0^ab ± 15.6
	2.5	32.56^a ± 0.54	13.97^a ± 0.43	11.23^a ± 1.02	140.0^a ± 2.5	10.47^a ± 0.42	3.63^a ± 0.12	3.38^a ± 0.40	879.0^a ± 19.7
4 dS·m⁻¹	0	27.73^ab ± 1.65	11.27^abc ± 1.33	9.67^abc ± 0.57	116.7^bc ± 4.1	8.06^bc ± 0.51	2.82^abc ± 0.33	2.92^ab ± 0.33	681.7^c ± 23.7
	1.5	29.67^a ± 1.30	12.50^ab ± 0.35	11.10^a ± 0.35	128.0^ab ± 2.9	8.58^b ± 0.40	3.12^a ± 0.08	3.14^ab ± 0.10	755.0^bc ± 19.9
	2.5	31.80^a ± 1.67	13.30^a ± 0.50	10.26^ab ± 0.30	132.3^ab ± 0.9	9.01^ab ± 0.41	3.32^a ± 0.12	3.21^ab ± 0.19	804.0^ab ± 30.1
6 dS·m⁻¹	0	19.27^cd ± 0.38	8.03^cdef ± 0.70	7.67^cdef ± 0.24	87.0^d ± 1.5	5.77^d ± 0.12	1.94^cdef ± 0.17	2.29^bc ± 0.16	360.7^de ± 16.2
	1.5	21.60^c ± 0.66	8.50^cde ± 0.45	8.40^bcde ± 0.32	98.0^d ± 1.5	6.29^d ± 0.16	2.06^bcde ± 0.11	2.42^abc ± 0.12	389.3^d ± 03.2
	2.5	22.90^bc ± 1.78	8.93^bcd ± 0.43	8.83^abcd ± 0.09	100.7^cd ± 5.1	6.56^cd ± 0.37	2.18^bcd ± 0.13	2.57^abc ± 0.23	434.7^d ± 14.8
8 dS·m⁻¹	0	12.60^e ± 0.50	4.30^f ± 0.25	5.70^f ± 0.40	53.3^e ± 1.2	3.75^e ± 0.22	1.12^f ± 0.07	1.66^c ± 0.08	247.7^f ± 17.0
	1.5	14.37^de ± 0.68	4.63^ef ± 0.73	5.87^ef ± 0.18	62.7^e ± 1.6	4.04^e ± 0.21	1.23^ef ± 0.09	1.72^c ± 0.15	269.0^ef ± 25.5
	2.5	15.90^de ± 0.47	5.07^def ± 0.72	6.77^def ± 0.46	66.0^e ± 2.8	4.21^e ± 0.04	1.28^def ± 0.10	1.85^c ± 0.06	284.7^ef ± 08.1
	MSE	3.22	1.76	0.772	22.9	0.272	0.100	0.123	19.82
	C.D	3.04	2.25	1.49	9.28	0.88	0.54	0.60	59.8
	S.E (m)	1.04	0.77	0.51	3.16	0.30	0.18	0.20	20.4
	S.E (d)	1.46	1.08	0.72	4.47	0.43	0.26	0.29	28.8
Data having the same letters in the column do not differ significantly while groups with different letters suggest a significant difference (Tukey's HSD test p < 0.05) with error degree of freedom = 24; MSE (Mean Square Error) at 5%. * Values are presented as mean ± standard error (n = 3).

Table 2.

Effect of ortho-silicic acid (OSA) on fresh weight stem (FWS), fresh weight leaf (FWL), fresh weight root (FWR), plant height (PH), dry weight stem (DWS), dry weight leaf (DWL), dry weight root (DWR) and leaf area (LA) of Sorghum genotype SSG 59-3 grown under different levels of salt stress.

Salt level	OSA (mg·L⁻¹)	Ψ_w (MPa)	RWC (%)	RSI (%)	E (mmol H₂O·m⁻¹·s⁻¹)	g_s (mmol H₂O·m⁻¹·s⁻¹)	A (μmol CO₂·m⁻¹·s⁻¹)	CHLF (F_v/F_m)	CHL (SPAD)
0 dS·m⁻¹	0	−0.673^bc ± 0.023	84.45^abc ± 5.49	11.13^f ± 0.39	3.58^ab ± 0.07	0.103^abc ± 0.012	11.12^bcd ± 0.80	0.729^abc ± 0.011	36.6^abc± 4.3
	1.5	−0.583^ab ± 0.015	85.89^ab ± 2.14	10.54^f ± 0.72	3.88^ab ± 0.25	0.120^ab ± 0.010	12.09^abc ± 1.10	0.739^ab ± 0.001	39.2^ab ± 2.6
	2.5	−0.496^a ± 0.012	87.74^a ± 2.10	10.45^f ± 0.33	4.14^a ± 0.06	0.147^a ± 0.009	14.68^a ± 0.31	0.772^a ± 0.008	42.5^a ± 1.4
4 dS·m⁻¹	0	−0.783^de ± 0.013	81.19^abcd ± 1.98	21.30^de ± 2.12	3.35^bc ± 0.17	0.093^abc ± 0.012	10.78^bcd ± 0.53	0.703^bcde ± 0.008	33.5^bcde± 1.3
	1.5	−0.700^cd ± 0.012	84.20^abc ± 3.03	20.63^de ± 1.91	3.69^ab ± 0.07	0.107^abc ± 0.009	11.87^abc ± 0.25	0.710^bcd ± 0.006	35.0^bcd ± 1.9
	2.5	−0.667^bc ± 0.018	85.50^ab ± 1.38	18.30e ± 0.55	4.04^ab ± 0.13	0.127^ab ± 0.015	12.55^ab ± 0.31	0.719^abcd ± 0.004	38.7^abc ± 2.3
6 dS·m⁻¹	0	−0.996^h ± 0.009	71.59^de ± 4.01	28.97^bc ± 0.55	1.80^ef ± 0.10	0.050^bc ± 0.010	7.84^de ± 1.29	0.679^cde ± 0.010	28.7^def ± 1.3
	1.5	−0.893^fg ± 0.003	74.32^cde ± 0.39	27.30^bc ± 0.72	2.09^de ± 0.12	0.063^bc ± 0.009	8.94^cde ± 1.03	0.723^abcd ± 0.003	32.5^cde ± 2.3
	2.5	−0.833^ef ± 0.018	76.07^bcde ± 2.15	24.03^cd ± 0.07	2.71^cd ± 0.23	0.083^abc ± 0.012	9.27^bcde ± 0.45	0.736^abc ± 0.003	34.3^bcd ± 1.9
8 dS·m⁻¹	0	−1.127ⁱ ± 0.023	66.17^e ± 4.00	36.80^a ± 0.61	1.09^f ± 0.11	0.030^c ± 0.010	6.21^e ± 0.24	0.650^e ± 0.005	21.8^g ± 1.2
	1.5	−1.010^h ± 0.012	70.30^e± 1.48	34.23^a ± 0.61	1.57^ef ± 0.16	0.047^bc ± 0.009	7.31^e ± 0.33	0.665^de ± 0.009	25.6^fg ± 1.0
	2.5	−0.957^gh ± 0.035	71.97^de ± 4.42	31.87^ab ± 1.12	2.16^de ± 0.06	0.070^abc ± 0.010	8.20^de ± 0.10	0.687^bcde ± 0.015	27.5^efg ± 2.7
	MSE	0.001	5.89	3.02	0.06	0.0008	1.372	0.0004	4.84
	C.D	0.052	5.13	2.96	0.42	0.031	1.98	0.023	3.73
	S.E (m)	0.018	1.76	1.00	0.14	0.011	0.68	0.008	1.27
	S.E (d)	0.025	2.49	1.42	0.20	0.015	0.96	0.011	1.80
Data having the same letters in the column do not differ significantly while groups with different letters suggest a significant difference (Tukey's HSD test p < 0.05) with error degree of freedom = 24; MSE (Mean Square Error) at 5%. * Values are presented as mean ± standard error (n = 3).

Table 3.

Effect of ortho-silicic acid (OSA) on water potential (Ψ_w), Relative Water Content (RWC), Relative Stress Injury (RSI), Transpiration Rate (E), Stomatal Conductance (g_s), Assimilation Rate (A), Chlorophyll Fluoroscence (CHLF) and Chlorophyll content (CHL) of Sorghum genotype CSV33MF grown under different levels of salt stress.

Salt level	OSA (mg·L⁻¹)	Ψ_w (MPa)	RWC (%)	RSI (%)	E (mmol H₂O·m⁻¹·s⁻¹)	g_s (mmol H₂O·m⁻¹·s⁻¹)	A (μmol CO₂·m⁻¹·s⁻¹)	CHLF (F_v/F_m)	CHL (SPAD)
0 dS·m⁻¹	0	−.713^bc ± 0.026	82.47^ab ± 1.98	12.93^f ± 0.43	3.30^bc ± 0.13	0.097^abc ± 0.009	10.85^abc ± 0.61	0.713^abc ± 0.006	33.5^cd ± 0.7
	1.5	−0.630^ab ± 0.015	84.84^a ± 2.44	11.77^f ± 0.73	3.74^ab ± 0.08	0.117^a ± 0.009	11.54^ab ± 0.30	0.738^a ± 0.014	37.4^ab ± 1.1
	2.5	−0.570^a ± 0.025	86.48^b ± 1.69	11.33^f ± 0.33	4.02^a ± 0.15	0.136^a ± 0.015	13.34^a ± 0.76	0.751^a ± 0.001	40.1^a ± 0.6
4 dS·m⁻¹	0	−0.837^cd ± 0.017	79.29^ab ± 1.88	22.83^e ± 0.58	3.15^c ± 0.06	0.093^abcd ± 0.008	10.14^bcd ± 1.17	0.710^abc ± 0.001	31.1^de ± 0.5
	1.5	−0.743^bc ± 0.015	82.32^ab ± 1.72	22.06^e ± 0.80	3.42^bc ± 0.07	0.103^ab ± 0.012	11.90^ab ± 0.12	0.714^abc ± 0.001	34.2^bcd ± 0.6
	2.5	−0.713^bc ± 0.020	84.59^a ± 2.10	19.57^e ± 0.58	3.58^abc ± 0.09	0.128^a ± 0.015	12.71^ab ± 0.16	0.724^ab ± 0.006	37.3^abc ± 0.4
6 dS·m⁻¹	0	−1.023^ef ± 0.052	69.96^cd ± 0.71	32.47^c ± 0.60	1.54^ef ± 0.16	0.030^e ± 0.010	6.84^e ± 0.21	0.657^cd ± 0.009	26.4^fg ± 1.0
	1.5	−0.943^de ± 0.029	74.45^bc ± 0.78	30.60^c ± 0.78	2.04^de ± 0.08	0.040^cde ± 0.010	7.40^de ± 0.07	0.700^abc ± 0.001	29.5^ef ± 0.9
	2.5	−0.877^d ± 0.009	75.76^bc ± 1.78	26.90^d ± 0.10	2.55^d ± 0.08	0.057^bcde ± 0.009	8.27^cde ± 0.08	0.715^ab ± 0.008	32.2^de ± 0.5
8 dS·m⁻¹	0	−1.150^f ± 0.042	63.96^d ± 0.68	42.33^a ± 0.69	0.92^g ± 0.14	0.017^e ± 0.008	5.81^e ± 0.23	0.637^d ± 0.001	20.0^h ± 0.8
	1.5	−1.063^ef ± 0.044	68.76^cd ± 1.09	39.40^ab ± 0.71	1.32^fg ± 0.06	0.020^e ± 0.009	6.12^e ± 0.33	0.665^cd ± 0.014	23.5^gh ± 0.9
	2.5	−1.030^ef ± 0.010	69.45^cd ± 1.82	36.63^a ± 1.30	1.61^ef ± 0.07	0.037^de ± 0.010	7.11^e ± 0.70	0.678^bcd ± 0.001	25.7^fg ± 0.8
	MSE	0.002	8.28	1.45	0.31	0.0008	0.96	0.0004	1.65
	C.D	0.084	4.88	2.04	0.16	0.031	1.30	0.021	2.18
	S.E (m)	0.029	1.66	0.69	0.05	0.011	0.45	0.007	0.74
	S.E (d)	0.040	2.35	0.98	0.07	0.015	0.63	0.010	1.05
Data having the same letters in the column do not differ significantly while groups with different letters suggest a significant difference (Tukey’s HSD test p < 0.05) with error degree of freedom = 24; MSE (Mean Square Error) at 5%. * Values are presented as mean ± standard error (n = 3).

Table 4.

Effect of ortho-silicic acid (OSA) on water potential (Ψ_w), Relative Water Content (RWC), Relative Stress Injury (RSI), Transpiration Rate (E), Stomatal Conductance (g_s), Assimilation Rate (A), Chlorophyll Fluoroscence (CHLF) and Chlorophyll content (CHL) of Sorghum genotype SSG 59-3 grown under different levels of salt stress.