Figures (3)  Tables (1)

    • Figure 1. 

      Morphological characteristics of trichomes in A. annua. AaGST, glandular secreting trichome; Ba, basal cells; St, stalk cells; Suc, subapical cells; Ac, apical cells; SS, subcutaneous space; AaTNG, T-shaped non-glandular trichome.

    • Figure 2. 

      Regulatory network model for trichome development in A. annua. Arrows indicate a positive influence while blocked lines indicate negative regulation.

    • Figure 3. 

      Biosynthetic pathways of artemisinin biosynthesis.

    • Types Name Effect(+positive;−negative) Target gene Interacting proteins References
      R2R3-MYB AaMYB1 (+)AaGST initiation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 ADS, CYP71AV1 [41]
      AaMYB5 (−)AaGST formation
      (−)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaHD1, AaMYB16, AaJAZ8 [42]
      AaMYB16 (+)AaGST initiation
      (+)AaTNG initiation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaHD1, AaMYB5 [42]
      AaMYB17 (+)AaGST initiation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 [43]
      AaMIXTA1 (+)AaGST initiation
      (+)AaTNGf initiation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaCYP77A1, AaCYP86A1, AaKCS5, AaCER1, AaABCG12 [44]
      AaTLR1 (−)AaGST formation
      (−)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 ADS, CYP71AV1, DBR2, ALDH1 AaTLR2, AaWOX1 [45]
      AaTLR3 (−)AaGST formation
      (−)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 ADS, CYP71AV1, DBR2, ALDH1 AaCycTL [46]
      AaTAR2 (+)AaGST initiation
      (+)AaTNG initiation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 ADS, CYP71AV1, DBR2, ALDH1 [47]
      AaMYB108-like (+)AaGST initiation
      (+)AaTNG initiation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaHD1 AaHD8 [48]
      HD-ZIP AaHD1 (+)AaGST initiation
      (+)AaTNG initiation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaGSW2 AaJAZ8 [34]
      AaHD8 (+)AaGST initiation
      (+)AaTNG initiation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaCYP86A4, AaFDH AaMIXTA1 [49]
      AP2/ERF AaTAR1 (+)AaGST formation
      (+)AaTNG formation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 ADS, CYP71AV1 AaCycTL [38]
      AaWIN1 (+)AaGST formation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaGSW2 AaMIXTA1 [50]
      AaSPL9 (+)AaGST initiation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaGSW2 AaHD1 [51]
      WRKY AaGSW2 (+)AaGST initiation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaHD1, AaHD8 [52]
      SAP AaSAP1 (+)AaGST formation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 [53]
      LEAFY-like AaTLR2 (−)AaGST initiation
      (−)AaTNG initiation
      (−)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 ADS, CYP71AV1, DBR2, ALDH1 AaWOX1 [45]
      MADS-box AaSEP1 (+)AaGST initiation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaGSW2 AaMYB16 AaJAZ8 [54]
      YABBY AaYABBY5 (+)AaGST formation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 ADS, CYP71AV1, DBR2, ALDH1 [55]
      bHLH AaGL3-like (+)AaGST formation
      (+)AaTNG formation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaJAZ8 [56]
      Phytohormones JA (+)AaGST formation
      (+)AaTNG formation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaHD1, AaHD8, AaJAZ8, AaMYB5 [34,42,57,58]
      GA (+)AaTNG formation(GA3)
      (+)AaGST formation(GA1/4)
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis(GA1/4)      		 [57,59]
      CK (+)AaGST formation
      (+)AaTNG formation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 [57]
      ABA (+)AaGST formation
      (+)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 [60]
      MicroRNAs miR160 (−)AaGST formation
      (−)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaARF1 [61]
      miR828 (−)AaGST formation
      (−)artemisinin biosynthesis      		 AaMYB17 [62]

      Table 1. 

      The main factors regulating the growth and development of A. annua trichomes.