Figures (6)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      Effect of amaranth callus growth treated with aromatic amino acids. A1-A5 represents the amaranth callus with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 mg/L tyrosine for 35 d; B1-B5 represents the amaranth callus with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mg/L phenylalanine for 35 d; C1-C5 represents the amaranth callus with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/L tryptophan for 35 d.

    • Figure 2. 

      The effect of different concentrations of aromatic amino acids on amaranth callus proliferation and dry weight. Treatment of (a) tyrosine, (b) phenylalanine, and (c) tryptophan.

    • Figure 3. 

      Effects of different concentrations of aromatic amino acids on flavonoid content in amaranth callus. (a) Tyrosine, (b) phenylalanine and, (c) tryptophan.

    • Figure 4. 

      Effects of different concentrations of aromatic amino acids on carotenoid content in amaranth callus.

    • Figure 5. 

      The effect of aromatic amino acids on the expression of flavonoids metabolism related genes in amaranth callus. (a) Tyrosine, (b) phenylalanine, and (c) tryptophan.

    • Figure 6. 

      The effect of aromatic amino acids on the expression of carotenoid metabolism related genes in amaranth callus. (a) Tyrosine, (b) phenylalanine, and (c) tryptophan.

    • Aromatic
      amino acids      		 PAL F3H CHS
      Tyrosine Pearson correlation 0.615* −0.659** 0.694**
      Significance (two-tailed) 0.015 0.007 0.004
      Phenylalanine Pearson correlation −0.183 0.669** 0.258
      Significance (two-tailed) 0.513 0.006 0.353
      Tryptophan Pearson correlation −0.858 0.753 0.076
      Significance (two-tailed) 0.063 0.142 0.90
      * indicates significant correlation at the p < 0.05 level, ** indicates extremely significant correlation at the p < 0.01 level.

      Table 1. 

      Correlation analysis of flavonoid content and flavonoid-related genes.

    • Aromatic
      amino acids      		 PDS ZDS PSY
      Tyrosine Pearson correlation −0.348 −0.356 0.638*
      Significance (two-tailed) 0.204 0.192 0.011
      Phenylalanine Pearson correlation 0.694** −0.025 0.442
      Significance (two-tailed) 0.004 0.93 0.099
      Tryptophan Pearson correlation 0.342 0.591* 0.57*
      Significance (two-tailed) 0.212 0.02 0.026
      * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01.

      Table 2. 

      Correlation analysis of carotenoids content and carotenoids-related genes.