Figures (5)  Tables (6)

    • Figure 1. 

      Virtual driving experimental environment.

    • Figure 2. 

      Vehicle driving experimental environment.

    • Figure 3. 

      Principle of ensemble learning algorithm.

    • Figure 4. 

      Classification results of base learners and meta learners.

    • Figure 5. 

      RMSE results of vehicle and virtual driving experiment.

    • Range No. of participants
      Age (year) 25−35 26
      36−45 18
      46−55 6
      Driving experience (year) 1−5 11
      5−10 18
      10−22 21

      Table 1. 

      Basic information of experimental participants.

    • Type Name Explanation
      Pupil information Pupil Diameter Left (mm) Left eye pupil diameter
      Pupil Diameter Right (mm) Right eye pupil diameter
      IPD (mm) Interpupillary distance
      Gaze Point X (px) Original fixation x-coordinate in pixels
      Gaze Point Y (px) Original fixation y-coordinate in pixels
      Gaze Point Right X (px) X-coordinate of the original gaze point of the right eye
      Gaze Point Right Y (px) Y-coordinate of the original gaze point of the right eye
      Gaze Point Left X (px) X-coordinate of the original gaze point of the left eye
      Gaze Point Left Y (px) Y-coordinate of the original gaze point of the left eye
      Fixation Point X (px) The x-coordinate of the gaze point in pixels
      Fixation Point Y (px) The y-coordinate of the gaze point in pixels
      Fixation Duration (ms) Gaze duration
      Saccade information Saccade Single Velocity (px/ms) Average saccade velocity per frame
      Saccade Velocity Peak (px/ms) Velocity peaks during saccades
      Blink information Blink Index Blink Index
      Blink Duration (ms) Duration of blink
      Blink Eye Blink label: 0 for double wink; 1 for left wink; 2 for right wink

      Table 2. 

      Eye tracker acquisition parameters and their meanings.

    • Name N Minimum value Maximum value Average value Standard deviation Variance
      Saccade Velocity Average (px/ms) 68292 0.500 1.306 0.712 0.168 0.028
      Pupil Diameter Left (mm) 68292 3.041 4.275 3.751 0.211 0.045
      Pupil Diameter Right (mm) 68292 −1.534 4.232 3.677 0.413 0.170
      IPD (mm) 68292 66.345 67.618 67.004 0.161 0.026
      Gaze Point X (px) 68292 330.646 842.180 632.310 62.291 3880.145
      Gaze Point Y (px) 68292 176.772 380.967 295.534 26.781 717.240
      Gaze Point Left X (px) 68292 362.979 866.104 636.314 64.265 4129.937
      Gaze Point Left Y (px) 68292 180.498 633.565 390.844 80.357 6457.305
      Gaze Point Right X (px) 68292 298.318 829.718 627.969 66.181 4379.910
      Gaze Point Right Y (px) 68292 −157.189 512.873 204.823 106.666 11377.556
      Gaze Origin Left X (mm) 68292 −5.497 −4.155 −4.778 0.175 0.031
      Gaze Origin Left Y (mm) 68292 −7.894 −5.095 −5.804 0.361 0.130
      Gaze Origin Left Z (mm) 68292 −35.869 −33.335 −34.054 0.283 0.080
      Gaze Origin Right X (mm) 68292 4.728 5.333 5.104 0.119 0.014
      Gaze Origin Right Y (mm) 68292 −4.630 −2.530 −3.332 0.301 0.091
      Gaze Origin Right Z (mm) 68292 −32.927 −31.464 −32.051 0.293 0.086
      Fixation Duration (ms) 68292 66.000 90966.000 23206.851 22645.982 512840520.244
      Fixation Point X (px) 68292 402.268 851.052 625.487 54.279 2946.158
      Fixation Point Y (px) 68292 125.196 343.138 299.244 14.902 222.064
      N is the sample size.

      Table 3. 

      Descriptive statistical analysis of eye movement data in normal driving state.

    • Name N Minimum value Maximum value Average value Standard deviation Variance
      Saccade Velocity Average (px/ms) 42775 0.00001 0.500 0.174 0.146 0.021
      Pupil Diameter Left (mm) 42775 2.791 4.301 3.629 0.231 0.053
      Pupil Diameter Right (mm) 42775 −1.307 4.323 3.636 0.277 0.077
      IPD (mm) 42775 66.149 67.536 67.017 0.125 0.016
      Gaze Point X (px) 42775 320.779 855.683 603.739 56.414 3182.571
      Gaze Point Y (px) 42775 160.197 393.530 302.320 20.799 432.589
      Gaze Point Left X (px) 42775 355.348 856.234 616.640 59.496 3539.833
      Gaze Point Left Y (px) 42775 165.291 655.587 386.817 71.875 5165.952
      Gaze Point Right X (px) 42775 236.304 854.082 590.594 57.633 3321.547
      Gaze Point Right Y (px) 42775 −186.220 513.097 218.809 84.647 7165.129
      Gaze Origin Left X (mm) 42775 −5.450 −4.140 −4.871 0.170 0.029
      Gaze Origin Left Y (mm) 42775 −7.917 −4.972 −5.682 0.347 0.120
      Gaze Origin Left Z (mm) 42775 −35.888 −33.288 −34.064 0.265 0.070
      Gaze Origin Right X (mm) 42775 4.548 5.374 5.127 0.100 0.010
      Gaze Origin Right Y (mm) 42775 −4.590 −2.518 −3.304 0.234 0.055
      Gaze Origin Right Z (mm) 42775 −32.966 −31.306 −31.926 0.248 0.062
      Fixation Duration (ms) 42775 167.000 90966 40057.15 30047.406 902846577
      Fixation Point X (px) 42775 402.268 851.052 608.402 39.981 1598.472
      Fixation Point Y (px) 42775 59.117 408.848 302.290 12.971 168.255
      N is the sample size.

      Table 4. 

      Descriptive statistical analysis of eye movement data in road hypnosis.

    • Name Explanation
      ECG Signal (mV) ECG signal amplitude in millivolts
      Heart Rate (bpm) Heart rate in beats per minute
      R-R Interval (ms) Interval between consecutive R-waves
      SDNN (ms) Standard deviation of NN intervals

      Table 5. 

      Bioelectricity characteristic parameters and their meanings.

    • State Minimum value Maximum value Average
      value      		 Standard
      deviation      		 Variance Skewness Kurtosis
      Value Value Value Standard error Value Value Value Standard error Value Standard error
      Road hypnosis −1827.865 2595.328 −0.017 1.026 332.738 110714.259 2.961 0.008 19.341 0.015
      Normal state −1672.206 2353.899 0.092 2.018 310.955 96692.828 3.071 0.016 20.910 0.032

      Table 6. 

      Descriptive statistical analysis of bioelectricity characteristic parameters.