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Figure 1. 

A schematic of the process of microspore embryogenesis. In the natural gametophytic developmental pathway, the vacuolated microspore undergoes asymmetrical division to produce a bicellular pollen grain, which matures further into a tricellular pollen grain. However, when isolated microspores are subjected to stress in vitro, they undergo reprogramming. This cell reprogramming leads to the microspores dividing to form proembryos, which then develop into full embryos. Several determinant factors govern this process, including cytoskeleton, cell wall remodeling, programmed cell death, autophagy, hormonal responses, and epigenetic modifications. The remaining microspores typically undergo cell death. V, vegetative nucleus. G, generative nucleus. S, sperm nucleus.