Figures (5)  Tables (4)

    • Figure 1. 

      Morphological characteristics of 100 herbaceous peony cultivars at the half-opening stage. The order of the above pictures is relative to the order of cultivars in Table 1.

    • Figure 2. 

      Comparative heat map depicting the release of six types of volatile compounds from various herbaceous peony cultivars.

    • Figure 3. 

      Content of characteristic aroma compounds in herbaceous peony cultivars.

    • Figure 4. 

      Heat map showing the clustering analysis of 100 herbaceous peony cultivars. A-Benzene,1,4-dimethoxy-, B-Citronellol, C-Nerol, D-Acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester, E-Methyl cinnamate, F-Dimethyl phthalate, G-(Z)-β-ocimene, H-Phenylethyl alcohol, I-Butylated hydroxytoluene, J-Dibutyl phthalate. The numbers 1−100 correspond to the cultivar names listed in Table 1.

    • Figure 5. 

      PLS-DA scores of 100 herbaceous peony cultivars under two cluster groups.

    • 100 herbaceous peony cultivars
      'Hangbaishao' 'Hongrongqiu' 'Biandihong' 'Zijin Daipao' 'Zixia Yingxue' 'Fenchi Dicui' 'Xishifen' 'Yinlong Hanzhu' 'Yinxian Xiuhongpao' 'Jindaiwei'
      'Luhong' 'Xueyuan Hongxing' 'Mozijin' 'Yahong' 'Wulong Tanhai' 'Hongyan Zhengshuang' 'Xingguang Chanlan' 'Yanlihong' 'Hongling Chijin' 'Fenzhuangyuan'
      'Taohua Huancai' 'Zhongshenghong' 'Ziling' 'Luxihong' 'Zifurong' 'Hongling Chijin' 'Huguang Shise' 'Hongyuqiu' 'Yanzhi Dianyu' 'Lantian Piaoxiang'
      'Zhushapan' 'Hongyun Yingri' 'Yanzi Xiangyang' 'Yanzhihong' 'Zaoyuanhong' 'ChilongCaifeng' 'Chaoshihong' 'Qingwen' 'Shaifugui' 'Ziyanshuang'
      'Gaoganfen' 'Qundiehui' 'Meirenmian' 'Meiju' 'Dafugui' 'Zhifeng Zhaoyang' 'Xueyuan Hongxing' 'Dahongpao' 'Zixiuqiu' 'Canglong'
      'Gaoganhong' 'Hongyan Feishuang' 'Dabanhong' 'Zifengyu' 'Hongpan Jinqiu' 'Hushui Dangxia' 'Yinlong Huihai' 'Baihuazi' 'Taohuafen' 'Wawamian'
      'Fenpanjinxing' 'Heixiuqiu' 'Shuanghonglou' 'Changshouhong' 'Hongyan Lushuang' 'Tuopan Jinhua' 'Hongling Chijin' 'Linglongyu' 'Jinzan Ciyu' 'Xiangyang Qihua'
      'Jinbian Hongge' 'Duoyezi' 'Fenzilou' 'Furong Jinhua' 'Fenkui' 'Guifei Chacui' 'Huolian Jingang' 'Hongguanfang' 'Fenmian Taohua' 'Taoranzui'
      'Zhaoyanghong' 'Hongfengyu' 'Fumantang' 'Shaonvfen' 'Danfeng' 'Liantaizi' 'Meiguihong' 'Fenfurong' 'Fenling Hongzhu' 'Fenqiu'
      'Fencuiqiu' 'FengChao Chuyu' 'Lanju' 'Jinsanhong' 'Zhaoyuanfen' 'Hongfeng' 'Qiaoling' 'Tuanye Jinqiu' 'Guohong' 'Tongquechun'
      The numbers 1−100 are listed from top to bottom, left to right respectively.

      Table 1. 

      Names and numbers of 100 herbaceous peony cultivars.

    • Compound number RT (min) CAS number Compounds Compound classification Chemical formula Retention index
      Calculated value Reference value
      1 3.273 111-84-2 Nonane Alkanes C9H20 900 900
      2 4.805 124-18-5 Decane Alkanes C10H22 1,000 1,000
      3 5.727 13877-91-3 (Z)-β-ocimene Terpenes C10H16 1,038 1,037
      4 7.063 60-12-8 Phenylethyl alcohol Alcohols C8H10O 1,115 1,109
      5 8.133 150-78-7 Benzene,1,4-dimethoxy- Ethers C8H10O2 1,165 1,168
      6 9.502 106-22-9 Citronellol Alcohols C10H20O 1,228 1,228
      7 10.084 106-25-2 Nerol Alcohols C10H18O 1,220 1,219
      8 10.187 103-45-7 Methyl cinnamate Esters C10H12O2 1,260 1,258
      9 12.976 103-26-4 2-Propenoic acid,3-phenyl-,methyl ester Esters C10H10O2 1,389 1,380
      10 14.88 131-11-3 Dimethyl phthalate Esters C10H10O4 1,456 1,466
      11 16.174 629-62-9 Pentadecane Alkanes C15H32 1,500 1,500
      12 16.664 128-37-0 Butylated hydroxytoluene Phenols C15H24O 1,513 1,513
      13 19.877 544-76-3 Hexadecane Alkanes C16H34 1,600 1,601
      14 24.137 629-78-7 Heptadecane Alkanes C17H36 1,699 1,700
      15 31.517 84-74-2 Dibutyl phthalate Esters C16H22O4 1,964 1,907
      16 33.398 646-31-1 Tetracosane Alkanes C24H50 2,400 2,400

      Table 2. 

      The volatile components of 100 herbaceous peony cultivars.

    • No. Compound name Odor characteristics
      1 (Z)-β-ocimene The scent of grass and flowers is accompanied by the aroma of orange blossom oil[37]
      2 Phenylethyl alcohol Sweet rose-like fragrance[38]
      3 Benzene,1,4-dimethoxy- The fragrance of cloves[39]
      4 Citronellol Has a sweet rose aroma[40]
      5 Nerol There is a sweet rose fragrance[41]
      6 Acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester There is a reminiscent of honey-like floral fragrance[42]
      7 Methyl cinnamate Sweet smelling fragrance[43]
      8 Dimethyl phthalate The substance emits a delicate fragrance[44]
      9 Butylated hydroxytoluene The presence of a carbonic acid taste can
      influence the aroma of wine[45]
      10 Dibutyl phthalate The substance emits a delicate fragrance[46]

      Table 3. 

      Characteristics of aroma compounds.

    • Groups Herbaceous peony cultivars
      1 'Taohua Huancai', 'Xishifen', 'Dabanhong', 'Fumantang', and 'Zhushapan'
      2 'Liantaizi', 'Hushui Dangxia', 'Shaifugui', 'Hongfeng', 'Wandai Shengse', 'Zhaoyuanfen', 'Wawamian', 'Lanju', 'Shuanghonglou', 'Fenling Hongzhu', 'Guohuo', 'Fenmian Taohua', 'Yinlong Tanhai', 'Chaoshihong', 'Shaonvfen', 'Meiju', 'Huolian Jingang', 'Meiguihong', 'Chilong Huancai', 'Yinlong Hanzhu', 'Yanlihong', 'Zhaoyanghong', 'Yinxian Xiuhongpao', 'Fenchi Dicui', 'Xueyuan Hongxing', 'Fenfurong', 'Linglongyu', 'Xiangyang Qihua', 'Hongrongqiu', 'Huguang Shise', 'Yanzhihong', 'Duoyezi', 'Mozijin', 'Guifei Chacui', 'Ziling', 'Zixia Yingxue', 'Zixiuqiu', 'Jinzan Ciyu', 'Meirenmian', 'Zifengyu', 'Jinshanhong', 'Hongyan Lushuang', 'Hongguanfang', 'Jindaiwei', 'Canglong', 'Tuopan Jinhua', 'Huolian Chijin', 'Fengchao Chuyu', 'Hongyuqiu', 'Xueyuan Hongxing', 'Qiaoling', 'Dahongpao', 'Qundiehui', 'Tuanye Jinqiu', 'Dafugui', 'Taoranzui', 'Yanzhi Dianyu', 'Tongquechun', 'Ziyanshuang', 'Gaoganfen', 'Fenpan Jinxing', 'Fenkui', 'Lantian Piaoxiang', 'Zifeng Zhaoyang', 'Xingguang Canlan', 'Hongyan Feishuang', 'Biahuazi', 'Taohuafen', 'Danfeng', 'Hongfengyu', 'Fenzilou', 'Yanzi Xiangyang', 'Zaoyuanhong', 'Luhong', 'Yahong', 'Luxihong', 'Furong Jinhua', 'Jinbian Hongge', 'Wulong Tanhai', 'Zhongshenghua', 'Zifurong', 'Hongyan Zhengshuang', 'Gaoganhong', 'Heixiuqiu', 'Hongling Chijin', 'Hongyun Yingri', 'Changshouhong', 'Fencuiqiu', 'Qingwen', 'Hongpan Jinqiu', 'Zijin Daipao', 'Biandihong', 'Fenqiu', 'Hangbaishao' and 'Fenzhuangyuan'

      Table 4. 

      Cluster analysis of characteristic aroma components in different herbaceous peony cultivars.