Figures (1)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      Genetic improvement of multiple traits in forage grasses.

    • Species Assembly size (Gb) Contig N50 (kb) Genome coverage* Sequencing method Ref.
      Oat (A. atlantica Cc 7277) 3.69 513,200 84x PacBio and Illumina [16]
      Oat (A. eriantha CN 19328) 3.78 534,800 71x PacBio and Illumina [16]
      Hexaploid oat (Sanfensan) 10.76 75,273 100x Oxford Nanopore, Hi-C and Illumina [17]
      Diploid oat (A. longiglumis, CN 58139) 3.74 7,298 60x Oxford Nanoporeand Illumina [17]
      Tetraploid oat (A. insularis, CN 108634) 7.52 5,637 60x Oxford Nanopore, Hi-C and Illumina [17]
      Perennial ryegrass(P226/135/16) 1.13 70 9x PacBio and Illumina [18]
      Heterozygous Italian ryegrass (M2289) 0.586 5 28x Illumina [19]
      Perennial ryegrass (Kyuss) 2.28 11,740 70x Oxford Nanoporeand Illumina [20]
      Heterozygous Italian ryegrass (Rabiosa) 4.53 3,050 500x NRGene and Illumina [21]
      Perennial ryegrass (P226/135/16) 2.55 1074 81x PacBio, Illumina,BioNano and Hi-C [22]
      Sheepgrass (Lc6-5) 7.85 318,490 115x PacBio, Hi-Cand Illumina [23]
      Switchgrass (Alamo, tetraploid) 1.13 5,461 121x PacBioand Illumina [26]
      * Represents the highest genome coverage of all the sequencing methods.

      Table 1. 

      Genome information of oat, ryegrass, switchgrass, and sheepgrass.

    • Species* Type of donors Gene transfer method Methodologies for improving transformation efficiency
      Oat[41] Seed induced embryogenic calli Agrobacterium mediated High quality embryogenic calli induction, vacuum, and sonication
      Oat[41] Leaf base induced embryogenic calli Agrobacterium mediated High quality embryogenic calli induction, vacuum, and sonication
      Perennial ryegrass[52] Seed induced embryogenic calli Agrobacterium mediated High quality embryogenic calli induction, cold shock,
      L-Gln, addition, and myo-inositol removal
      Perennial ryegrass[42] Seed induced embryogenic calli Agrobacterium mediated High quality embryogenic calli induction and heat shock
      Perennial ryegrass[42] Shoot meristem tips Agrobacterium mediated Sonication
      Perennial ryegrass[53] Seeds induced embryogenic calli Particle bombardment High quality embryogenic calli induction
      Perennial ryegrass[54] Calli induced from shoot tips, seeds, and anthers Agrobacterium mediated High quality embryogenic calli induction
      Sheepgrass[43,45] Seed/inflorescence induced embryogenic calli Agrobacterium mediated High quality embryogenic calli induction and co-expressing wheat TaWOX5
      Switchgrass[37,44,46] Seed/inflorescence induced embryogenic calli Agrobacterium mediated High quality embryogenic calli induction, vacuum, and
      co-expressing maize ZmBbm and ZmWus2
      Switchgrass[55] Embryogenic cell suspension cultures Agrobacterium mediated Establishment of regenerable embryogenic cell suspension cultures
      Switchgrass[56] Inflorescence induced embryogenic calli Agrobacterium mediated Engineering A. tumefaciens to express a T3SS
      * Refers to all cited representive references from the last ten years.

      Table 2. 

      Transformation systems of oat, perennial ryegrass, sheepgrass, and switchgrass.