Figures (1)  Tables (3)

    • Figure 1. 

      Applications of nanomaterials in agricultural production.

    • Nanoproduct Nanoparticles Synthesis method Target Function Ref.
      Nano-fertilizer Siliceous natural nanomaterials (SNNMs) Traditional method Peach and apricot Improve nutrient utilization efficiency, enhance light and efficiency, protect plants from high temperatures, drought, and biological stress, and improve fruit quality. [12]
      Nano-fertilizer Ca-encapsulated carbon dots (Ca-CDs) Traditional method Apple Supplement calcium and mitigate calcium-deficiency stress, boost calcium levels in apple fruits and improve quality attributes such as weight, firmness, and pectin content. [13]
      Nano-fertilizer Phosphorous-Containing Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles (nHAP) Green synthesis (pomegranate peel and coffee ground extracts) Pomegranate Provide phosphorus nutrient elements, increase total carbohydrate content, and enhance plant resistance to stress. [14]
      Nano-fertilizer Se NPs, ZnO NPs Purchased Apple Increase the antioxidant activity of fruits, supplement N, P, and K content, and improve apple fruit yield and nutritional quality. [15]
      Nano-coating/
      packaging      		 Chitosan/nano-silica Purchased longan The coating enhances fruit cold resistance, inhibits the decrease of total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid, increases defense enzyme activity, and provides a longer storage period. [16]
      Nano-coating/
      packaging      		 Polyethylene with nano-Ag, nano-TiO2, and montmorillonite blend Traditional method Kiwifruit Delay kiwifruit ripening, reduce kiwifruit fruit decay, and maintain post-harvest storage quality of kiwifruit. [17]
      Nano-pesticide SeNPs, CeONPs Green synthesis (Melia azedarach leaves and Acorus calamusas rhizomes extract) Wheat Reduce the incidence of wheat stripe rust or yellow rust, SeNPs and CeONPs at a concentration of 30 mg/L significantly improved wheat morphology and physiological parameters. [18]
      Nano-pesticide MgONFs Green synthesis (rosemary extract) Rice Inhibited bacterial diseases in rice. [19]
      Nanopriming TiO2 nanoparticles Purchased Corn Promote the germination and growth of corn seedlings under salt stress. [20]
      Nanopriming Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) Purchased Lettuce Alleviate the harmful effects of salt stress on germination. [21]
      Nanopriming AgNPs Green synthesis (lime leaf extract) Rice Enhance germination and starch metabolism of aged rice seeds. [22]
      Nano-sensor Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) Traditional method Ethylene Detect ethylene gas and determine fruit ripeness. [23]
      Nano-sensor DNA-SWNT Purchased + traditional method Arsenic Real-time detection of arsenite in underground environments. [24]
      Nano-sensor Bio-AgNPs-based electrochemical nanosensors Green synthesis (green tea leaves, mangosteen peel, grapefruit peel) 4-nitrophenol Sensitive monitoring of 4-nitrophenol
      (4-NP) in tomato samples.      		 [25]

      Table 1. 

      Applications of different nanoproducts in agricultural production.

    • Crop Nanomaterial Application method Stress type Mechanism Ref.
      Cotton Polyacrylic acid-modified Mn3O4 nanoparticles (PAA@Mn3O4-NPs, PMO) Foliar application Salt stress Adjustment of endogenous antioxidant system expression, maintenance of cytoplasmic Na/K balance. [75]
      Rapeseed Polyacrylic acid-coated nanoceria (PNC) Seed soaking Salt stress Regulation of ROS homeostasis and α-amylase activity, maintenance of cytoplasmic Na/K balance. [76]
      Pisum sativum Linn and Eucommia carbon dot nanozymes (CDzymes) Foliar application Salt stress Actively clearing ROS as an exogenous enzyme. [77]
      Rice (Oryza sativa L.) AgNPs Seed soaking Salt stress and rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae) Actively remove ROS as an exogenous enzyme, induce immune response rather than the antibacterial activity of AgNPs themselves. [78]
      Maize Poly (acrylic) acid-coated Mn3O4 nanoparticles (PAA@Mn3O4 nanoparticles) Root application Drought stress Enhances the mitotic ability of root tip cells by maintaining ROS homeostasis, thus improving maize drought resistance. [79]
      Paeonia ostii Graphene oxide (GO) Root application Drought stress Rich pore structure strongly binds water molecules, acts as a water-holding agent, and adjusts endogenous antioxidant system expression. [80]
      Brassica napus γ-Fe2O3 NPs Root application Drought stress Actively remove ROS as an exogenous enzyme. [81]
      Boehmeria nivea Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) Root application Cadmium (Cd) pollution MWCNTs enhance Cd uptake and transport in ramie seedlings, mitigate
      Cd-induced toxicity, promote plant growth, reduce oxidative stress, activate antioxidant enzymes, and elevate
      specific antioxidant levels.      		 [82]
      Maize seeds (Zea mays L. Zhengdan 958) Quaternary ammonium iminofullerenes (IFQA) Seed soaking treatment Oxygen (H2O2) stress Actively remove ROS as an exogenous enzyme and promote maize root hair growth. [83]
      Breviolum minutum Engineered poly(acrylic acid)-coated cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2, nanoceria) Symbiotic cultivation High-temperature stress Alleviate heat-induced oxidative stress and enhance the heat resistance of algae. [84]

      Table 2. 

      Applications of nanoenzymes for plant abiotic stress.

    • Need external force Nanoparticles Nanoparticle characteristics Functional modification Transgenic plants (tissues or cells) Transgenic plant expression characteristics Ref.
      No GONs Layered structure with excellent stability, high biocompatibility, and effective protection of siRNA. PEI and PEG Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) Efficient gene silencing at the mRNA level of around 97% was achieved within 24 h, with mRNA and protein expression of the target gene fully restored to normal levels by 120 h. [91]
      No AuNCs High biocompatibility and protection of siRNA from RNase degradation. PEI N. benthamiana PEI-AuNCs delivered siRNA into mature mGFP5-expressing Nb leaves, resulting in efficient gene knockdown at both mRNA and protein levels. [89]
      No SWNT A high aspect ratio, exceptional tensile strength, and high biocompatibility ensure the optimal activity of biomolecules. PEI N. benthamiana,
      E. sativa, wheat, cotton      		 13.6 μg of GFP was obtained per gram of fresh leaf. [88]
      No DNA nanostructures Specific and transient gene targeting through sequence design, controllable attachment, and protection of siRNA cargo without toxicity or damage. No N. benthamiana, arugula, and watercress DNA nanostructures can be efficiently internalized into plant cells, with the relative internalization efficiency ranked from high to low as DHT, tetrahedron, and nanowires. All show protein-level silencing. [92]
      No MSNs Larger surface area, larger pore volume, adjustable mesoporous pore size. TMAPS, APTMS Nicotiana tabacum
      BY-2, Arabidopsis      		 Gene delivery to Nicotiana tabacum protoplasts and Arabidopsis root for transient expression. [93]
      Gene gun method carbon-supported gold nanoparticles Good dispersibility, minimal damage to plants, capable of piercing tough plant cell walls and nuclear membranes, and inserting genes into chromosomal loci. No Nicotiana tabacum, Oryza sativa, Leucaena leucocephala. Carbon-supported gold nanoparticles produced by the heat treatment of biogenic nanoparticles were a more effective plant-transformation carrier than commercially available gold microparticles. [94]
      Gene gun method MSNs Larger surface area, larger pore volume, and adjustable mesoporous pore size. TEG modification, gold nanoparticles coverage N. benthamiana GFP-expressing callus sectors were observed ten days after the bombardment of a proliferating callus culture grown on a non-selective medium. This transfer system produced both transient and stable transgenic plant materials. [95]
      Magnetic field Magnetic gold nanoparticles (mGNPs) Superparamagnetic with strong targeting under an applied magnetic field condition. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), PEG Canola Stable expression and the delivery efficiency of nanoparticles to canola protoplasts was approximately 95%. [96]
      Magnetic field Fe3O4 Superparamagnetic with strong targeting under an applied magnetic field condition. PEI Maize Transient expression of exogenous genes in maize pollen, followed by normal expression in its offspring, demonstrating genetic stability. [97]

      Table 3. 

      Applications of nanomaterials in gene editing.