Figures (7)  Tables (1)

    • Figure 1. 

      Impacts of DA-6 pretreatment on changes in (a) shoot length (SL), and (b) root length (RL) of creeping bentgrass under well-watered and drought conditions. Vertical bars indicate standard error (n = 10, and p ≤ 0.05). Different letters above columns represent significant differences among treatments. CK, control check; CK + DA-6, well-watered plants supplemented with DA-6; PEG, drought stress; PEG + DA-6, drought-stressed plants supplemented with DA-6.

    • Figure 2. 

      Impacts of DA-6 pretreatment on changes in (a) relative water content (RWC), (b) osmotic potential (OP), and (c) water use efficiency (WUE) of creeping bentgrass under well-watered and drought conditions. Vertical bars indicate standard error values (n = 4, and p ≤ 0.05). Different letters above or below columns represent significant differences among treatments. CK, control check; CK + DA-6, well-watered plants supplemented with DA-6; PEG, drought stress; PEG + DA-6, drought-stressed plants supplemented with DA-6.

    • Figure 3. 

      Impacts of DA-6 pretreatment on changes in (a) total chlorophyll (Chl) content, (b) Chl a content, (c) Chl b content, (d) Chl a/b ratio, (e) photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), and (f) net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of creeping bentgrass under well-watered and drought conditions. Vertical bars indicate standard error (n = 4, and p ≤ 0.05). Different letters above columns represent significant differences among treatments. CK, control check; CK + DA-6, well-watered plants supplemented with DA-6; PEG, drought stress; PEG + DA-6, drought-stressed plants supplemented with DA-6.

    • Figure 4. 

      Impacts of DA-6 pretreatment on relative expression levels of AsMg-CHT, AsPBGD, AsPOR, AsCHLH, AsRuBisCo, AsPAO, AsCLH, AsPPH, Asl20, and Ash36 in leaves of creeping bentgrass under well-watered and drought conditions. Vertical bars indicate standard error (n = 4, and p ≤ 0.05). Different letters above columns represent significant differences among treatments. CK, control check; CK + DA-6, well-watered plants supplemented with DA-6; PEG, drought stress; PEG + DA-6, drought-stressed plants supplemented with DA-6.

    • Figure 5. 

      Impacts of DA-6 pretreatment on changes in (a) electrolyte leakage (EL), (b) superoxide anion (O2·−), (c) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and (d) malondialdehyde (MDA) content of creeping bentgrass under well-watered and drought conditions. Vertical bars indicate standard error (n = 4, and p ≤ 0.05). Different letters above columns represent significant differences among treatments. CK, control check; CK + DA-6, well-watered plants supplemented with DA-6; PEG, drought stress; PEG + DA-6, drought-stressed plants supplemented with DA-6.

    • Figure 6. 

      Impacts of DA-6 pretreatment on changes in (a) superoxide dismutase (SOD), (b) catalase (CAT), (c) peroxidase (POD), and (d) ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities of creeping bentgrass under well-watered and drought conditions. Vertical bars indicate standard error (n = 4, and p ≤ 0.05). Different letters above columns represent significant differences among treatments. CK, control check; CK + DA-6, well-watered plants supplemented with DA-6; PEG, drought stress; PEG + DA-6, drought-stressed plants supplemented with DA-6.

    • Figure 7. 

      A comprehensive diagram depicting the ameliorative role of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) in drought tolerance of creeping bentgrass.

    • Target gene Forward primer (5'-3') Reverse primer (5'-3') Tm (°C)
      β-actin CCTTTTCCAGCCATCTTTCA GAGGTCCTTCCTGATATCCA 58
      AsMg-CHT ACAACGGTTAGGTCATTGGTCG TTATTACTCGGTCTCGCACTTCAA 58
      AsPBGD TAGCGCTGCGGATTAGAACT GAAGGATAACGAACCGCTGA 55
      AsPOR GCGTCTACTGGAGCTGGAAC GTCACTTCATGCAGGTCACG 58
      AsRuBisCo GGCTTCAACAAACGCTCTATCC CTTTAGCAGCGGCTTTAACCAT 58
      AsPAO TCATATCAGTTGCTGCAATAGGGA GCGAAAGGCGTGGTTGTAGTC 57
      Asl20 GGGTAGACGGCAACGATACT TACTTGGTTGAATCGTCGGA 58
      Ash36 TGGGAATGTGTTCAGGGTAA TCACCTCGATGAGGTAGTCG 58
      AsCHLH CATCAGGGCGGATAGAGAGA TCTGCCACAATCAGCTTCAG 56
      AsCLH GGTCGCATTCCTGAGGTCTA ATCATATTCAACCGGGTCCA 58
      AsPPH GAATGTCATTGCCGTCTGAA CAATGAAATGCTGGACCTGA 55

      Table 1. 

      Primer sequences and relative information of analyzed genes in creeping bentgrass.