Figures (6)  Tables (8)

    • Figure 1. 

      (a) Primulina 'Spring of Beilin', (b) Primulina 'POP Corn'. Scale bar = 10 cm.

    • Figure 2. 

      Tissue culture process of Primulina 'Spring of Beilin'. (a) Adventitious buds on the front side of the leaf. (b) Adventitious buds on the back side of the leaf. (c) Proliferation of adventitious shoots. (d) Induction of root formation. (e) Condition of the root base. (f) Normal growth of the plant after transplantation. Scale bar = 1 cm.

    • Figure 3. 

      Primulina 'Spring of Beilin' grown for one year after transplantation. Scale bar = 10 cm.

    • Figure 4. 

      Tissue culture process of Primulina 'POP Corn'. (a) Adventitious buds on the front side of the leaf. (b) Adventitious buds on the back side of the leaf. (c) Proliferation of adventitious shoots. (d) Induction of root formation. (e) Condition of the root base. (f) Normal growth of the plant after transplantation. Scale bar = 1 cm.

    • Figure 5. 

      Primulina 'POP Corn' grown for one year after transplantation. Scale bar = 10 cm.

    • Figure 6. 

      Experimental process flowchart for hybrid Primulina.

    • Treatment 75% Ethanol
      treatment time (s)      		 NaClO treatment
      time (min)      		 Explant
      number (n)      		 Browning
      rate (%)      		 Contamination
      rate (%)      		 Survival
      rate (%)
      A1 30 3 30 0 a 4.44 ± 1.92 b 95.57 ± 1.96 a
      A2 30 3.5 30 17.77 ± 5.08 b 11.10 ± 1.90 a 71.13 ± 5.09 b
      A3 30 4 30 48.90 ± 8.40 c 13.33 ± 3.35 a 37.80 ± 10.18 c
      Values are presented as means ± standard error. Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).

      Table 1. 

      Effect of different sterilization time on leaves of Primulina 'Spring of Beilin'.

    • Treatment 75% Ethanol
      treatment time (s)      		 NaClO treatment
      time (min)      		 Explant
      number (n)      		 Browning
      rate(%)      		 Contamination
      rate (%)      		 Survival
      rate (%)
      B1 30 5 30 1.11 ± 1.92 b 35.56 ± 8.39 a 63.33 ± 6.66 b
      B2 30 6 30 3.33 ± 3.33 b 7.78 ± 1.92 b 88.89 ± 3.85 a
      B3 30 7 30 23.33 ± 6.67 a 10.00 ± 3.33 b 66.66 ± 5.77 b
      Values are presented as means ± standard error. Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).

      Table 2. 

      Effect of different sterilization time on leaves of Primulina 'POP Corn'.

    • Treatment NAA
      (mg/L)      		 6-BA
      (mg/L)      		 Explant
      number (n)      		 Differentiation
      rate (%)      		 Growth conditions
      C1 0 0 30 8.89 ± 3.85 f Poor growth; initial differentiation; small, sparse, yellow-brown; mostly browned
      C2 0.1 0.5 30 95.56 ± 5.09 a Good growth; few undifferentiated; small, dense, green
      C3 0.1 1 30 84.44 ± 8.39 b Fair growth; some undifferentiated; small, dense, green; slight browning
      C4 0.1 2 30 72.22 ± 3.85 cd Good growth; partially undifferentiated; small, sparse, yellow-green; some browning
      C5 0.5 0.5 30 81.11 ± 5.09 bc Fair growth; some undifferentiated; small, dense, green; slight browning
      C6 0.5 1 30 82.22 ± 8.39 bc Fair growth; some undifferentiated; small, dense, green; slight browning
      C7 0.5 2 30 66.67 ± 3.34 d Good growth; partially undifferentiated; small, sparse, yellow-green; some browning
      C8 1.5 0.5 30 21.11 ± 5.09 e Poor growth; initial differentiation; small, sparse, yellow-green; some browning
      C9 1.5 1 30 10.00 ± 6.67 f Poor growth; initial differentiation; small, sparse, yellow-brown; mostly browned
      C10 1.5 2 30 13.33 ± 6.67 ef Poor growth; initial differentiation; small, sparse, yellow-green; some browning
      Values are presented as means ± standard error. Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).

      Table 3. 

      Effect of NAA and 6-BA on adventitious bud induction in Primulina 'Spring of Beilin'.

    • Treatment NAA
      (mg/L)      		 6-BA
      (mg/L)      		 Explant
      number (n)      		 Differentiation
      rate (%)      		 Growth conditions
      D1 0 0 30 36.67 ± 12.02 d Poor growth; initial differentiation; small, sparse buds; yellow-green; partial browning
      D2 0.1 0.5 30 96.67 ± 3.33 ab Good growth; few undifferentiated; small, dense buds; green
      D3 0.1 1 30 100.00 ± 0 a Good growth; complete differentiation; small, dense buds; green
      D4 0.1 2 30 96.67 ± 5.77 ab Good growth; few undifferentiated; small, dense buds; green
      D5 0.5 0.5 30 75.56 ± 5.09c Good growth; some undifferentiated; small, dense buds; green; slight browning
      D6 0.5 1 30 84.44 ± 8.39 bc Good growth; some undifferentiated; small, dense buds; green; slight browning
      D7 0.5 2 30 80.00 ± 12.02 c Good growth; some undifferentiated; small, dense buds; green; slight browning
      D8 1.5 0.5 30 53.33 ± 8.82 d Good growth; some undifferentiated; small, sparse buds; yellow-green; slight browning
      D9 1.5 1 30 43.33 ± 6.66 de Poor growth; mostly undifferentiated; small, sparse buds; yellow-green; slight browning
      D10 1.5 2 30 31.11 ± 5.09 e Poor growth; initial differentiation; small, sparse buds; yellow-green; slight browning
      Values are presented as means ± standard error. Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).

      Table 4. 

      Effect of NAA and 6-BA combinations on adventitious bud induction in Primulina 'POP Corn'.

    • Treatment NAA
      (mg/L)      		 6-BA
      (mg/L)      		 Number of
      explants (n)      		 Propagation
      coefficient      		 Growth conditions
      E1 0 0 30 11.33 ± 2.08 ab Good growth; green; few roots
      E2 0.1 0.5 30 14.33 ± 2.08 a Good growth; green; few roots
      E3 0.1 1 30 8.00 ± 3.00 abc Good growth; green; some rooting
      E4 0.1 2 30 5.67 ± 1.53 cd Good growth; yellow-green; some exhibited vitrification; few roots
      E5 0.5 0.5 30 5.67 ± 3.06 cd Good growth; green; some roots
      E6 0.5 1 30 5.67 ± 2.31 cd Good growth; yellow-green; some roots
      E7 0.5 2 30 7.33 ± 2.31 bc Good growth; yellow-green; some exhibited vitrification; few roots
      E8 1.5 0.5 30 5.67 ± 1.53 cd Good growth; yellow-green; some roots
      E9 1.5 1 30 6.33 ± 3.06 bcd Good growth; yellow-green; some exhibited vitrification; some roots
      E10 1.5 2 30 3.00 ± 1.00 d Poor growth; yellow-green; some exhibited vitrification; few roots
      Values are presented as means ± standard error. Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).

      Table 5. 

      Effect of NAA and 6-BA on proliferation and culture of Primulina 'Spring of Beilin'.

    • Treatment NAA (mg/L) 6-BA (mg/L) Number of
      explants (n)      		 Propagation
      coefficient      		 Growth conditions
      F1 0 0 30 10.33 ± 1.53 bc Good growth; green; few roots
      F2 0.1 0.5 30 11.67 ± 1.15 b Good growth; green; few roots
      F3 0.1 1 30 17.33 ± 1.53 a Good growth; green; most rooted
      F4 0.1 2 30 10.67 ± 2.08 bc Good growth; green; few roots
      F5 0.5 0.5 30 7.67 ± 1.53 cd Good growth; green; some roots
      F6 0.5 1 30 9.33 ± 3.21 bc Good growth; green; few roots
      F7 0.5 2 30 6.00 ± 1.00 de Good growth; green; some roots
      F8 1.5 0.5 30 4.67 ± 0.58 ef Good growth; green; some exhibited vitrification; few roots
      F9 1.5 1 30 2.67 ± 1.53 f Poor growth; yellow-green; most exhibited vitrification; no roots
      F10 1.5 2 30 2.00 ± 1.00 f Poor growth; yellow-green; most exhibited vitrification; no roots
      Values are presented as means ± standard error. Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).

      Table 6. 

      Effect of NAA and 6-BA on proliferation and culture of Primulina 'POP Corn'.

    • Treatment IBA
      (mg/L)      		 NAA
      (mg/L)      		 Number of
      explants (n)      		 Average number
      of roots per plant      		 Average
      rooting rate (%)      		 Transplanting
      survival rate (%)      		 Growth conditions
      G1 0 0 20 13.03 ± 1.99 a 100.00 ± 0 a 100.00 ± 0 a Strong roots, long; plants grow normally and healthily
      G2 0.1 0 20 10.67 ± 2.31 a 100.00 ± 0 a 100.00 ± 0 a Strong roots, long; plants grow normally and healthily
      G3 0.5 0 20 9.70 ± 2.41 a 100.00 ± 0 a 100.00 ± 0 a Strong roots, long; some plants grow slightly slower
      G4 1 0 20 4.07 ± 1.84 b 95.00 ± 5.00 a 63.33 ± 7.64 b Weak roots; some leaves exhibited vitrification, tissue loose
      G5 0 0.1 20 12.97 ± 3.33 a 100.00 ± 0 a 100.00 ± 0 a Strong roots, long; plants grow normally and healthily
      G6 0 0.5 20 10.20 ± 2.27 a 100.00 ± 0 a 98.33 ± 2.89 a Strong roots, long; plants grow normally and healthily
      G7 0 1 20 4.60 ± 1.51 b 90.00 ± 5.00 b 53.33 ± 7.64 c Weak roots; some leaves exhibited vitrification, tissue loose
      Values are presented as means ± standard error. Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).

      Table 7. 

      Effects of IBA and NAA concentration on the rooting and transplanting of adventitious buds of Primulina 'Spring of Beilin'.

    • Treatment IBA
      (mg/L)      		 NAA
      (mg/L)      		 Number of
      explants (n)      		 Average
      no. of roots
      per plant      		 Average
      rooting rate (%)      		 Transplanting
      survival rate (%)      		 Growth conditions
      G1 0 0 20 11.72 ± 1.71 a 100.00 ± 0 a 100.00 ± 0 a Strong roots, long; plants grow normally and healthily
      G2 0.1 0 20 12.57 ± 2.65 a 100.00 ± 0 a 100.00 ± 0 a Strong roots, long; plants grow normally and healthily
      G3 0.5 0 20 4.83 ± 2.11 b 78.33 ± 7.64 a 81.67 ± 10.41 b Strong roots, long; some plants with leaf curling, slower growth
      G4 1 0 20 0.33 ± 0.25 c 21.67 ± 7.64 c 8.33 ± 7.64 c Weak roots, short; some leaves exhibited vitrification, tissue loose
      G5 0 0.1 20 7.43 ± 4.25 ab 83.33 ± 12.58 a 100.00 ± 0 a Strong roots, long; plants grow normally and healthily
      G6 0 0.5 20 3.27 ± 2.21 b 46.67 ± 27.54 b 81.67 ± 10.41 b Strong roots, long; some plants grow slightly slower
      G7 0 1 20 0.20 ± 0.26 c 11.67 ± 12.58 c 6.67 ± 7.64 c Weak roots, short; some leaves exhibited vitrification, tissue loose
      Values are presented as means ± standard error. Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).

      Table 8. 

      Effects of IBA and NAA concentration on the rooting and transplanting of adventitious buds of Primulina 'POP Corn'.