Field cultivation of <i>Agaricus subrufescens</i> Peck lowers soil glyphosate levels, alters soil microbial communities, and boosts soil enzyme activities in coffee plantations

Yinlan Du; Haiya Zhang; Laurent Bossolasco; Asanka R. Bandara; Yan Pu; Heng Gui; Yuwei Hu; Peter E. Mortimer; Yinlan Du; Haiya Zhang; Laurent Bossolasco; Asanka R. Bandara; Yan Pu; Heng Gui; Yuwei Hu; Peter E. Mortimer

doi:10.48130/sif-0025-0009

Figures (4) Tables (3)

Figure 1.
Degradation percentages of glyphosate in topsoil under different treatments in the coffee plantation. Note: There were three replicates for each treatment (n = 3). Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's Multiple Range test were used to assess the significance of the difference. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). S, untreated soil; SC, soil with compost; SCA, soil with compost and A. subrufescens inoculation; SCH, soil with compost and high glyphosate concentration; SCAH, soil with compost, A. subrufescens, and high glyphosate concentration.
Figure 2.
Changes in soil enzyme activity during cultivation of Agaricus subrufescens in the coffee plantation. Note: There were three replicates for each treatment (n = 3). Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's Multiple Range test were used to assess the significance of differences. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). S, untreated soil; SC, soil with compost; SCA, soil with compost and A. subrufescens inoculation; SCH, soil with compost and high glyphosate concentration; SCAH, soil with compost, A. subrufescens, and high glyphosate concentration.
Figure 3.
Composition of soil fungal communities at the (a) phylum, and (b) genus levels. Soil samples were taken from the respective treatments in the coffee plantation at the experimental site in Pu'er, Yunnan. S, untreated soil; SC, soil with compost; SCA, soil with compost and A. subrufescens inoculation; SCH, soil with compost and high glyphosate concentration; SCAH, soil with compost, A. subrufescens, and high glyphosate concentration.
Figure 4.
Composition of soil bacterial communities at the (a) phylum, and (b) genus levels. Soil samples were taken from the respective treatments in the coffee plantation at the experimental site in Pu'er, Yunnan. S, untreated soil; SC, soil with compost; SCA, soil with compost and A. subrufescens inoculation; SCH, soil with compost and high glyphosate concentration; SCAH, soil with compost, A. subrufescens, and high glyphosate concentration.

Sample code	Unit	Value (before the experiment begins)	Value (12 months after the experiment)
1	mg/kg	0.048	< 0.01
2	mg/kg	< 0.01	< 0.01
3	mg/kg	0.074	< 0.01
4	mg/kg	< 0.01	< 0.01
5	mg/kg	0.105	< 0.01
6	mg/kg	1.06	< 0.01
7	mg/kg	0.028	< 0.01
8	mg/kg	0.027	< 0.01
9	mg/kg	0.021	< 0.01

Table 1.

Glyphosate residue levels in coffee fruits from the experimental site.

Alpha index	S	SC	SCA	SCH	SCAH
Shannon	3.25 ± 0.83^a	3.22 ± 0.51^a	2.81 ± 0.18^a	2.68 ± 0.4^a	3.27 ± 0.81^a
Chao1	803.6 ± 120.1^a	725.2 ± 43.1^a	650.0 ± 82.3^a	682.3 ± 48.7^a	667.1 ± 17.8^a
Coverage	99.93%	99.92%	99.91%	99.91%	99.92%
Data represent the means ± standard deviations (n = 3). The results of multiple comparisons are marked with different letters to indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). Soil samples were taken from the respective treatments in the coffee plantation at the experimental site in Pu'er, Yunnan. S, untreated soil; SC, soil with compost; SCA, soil with compost and A. subrufescens inoculation; SCH, soil with compost and high glyphosate concentration; SCAH, soil with compost, A. subrufescens, and high glyphosateconcentration.

Table 2.

Alpha diversity indices of the soil fungal communities for each treatment.

Alpha index	S	SC	SCA	SCH	SCAH
Shannon	6.18 ± 0.16^abc	6.43 ± 0.31^ab	5.98 ± 0.31^c	6.57 ± 0.15^a	6.03 ± 0.10^bc
Chao1	4789.8 ± 329.2^ab	4905.6 ± 437^ab	4245.7 ± 510.4^b	5216.8 ± 28.1^a	4544.1 ± 372.4^ab
Coverage	98.85%	98.70%	98.84%	98.76%	98.85%
Data represent the means ± standard deviations (n = 3). The results of multiple comparisons are marked with different letters to indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). Soil samples were taken from the respective treatments in the coffee plantation at the experimental site in Pu'er, Yunnan. S, untreated soil; SC, soil with compost; SCA, soil with compost and A. subrufescens inoculation; SCH, soil with compost and high glyphosate concentration; SCAH, soil with compost, A. subrufescens, and high glyphosateconcentration.

Table 3.

Alpha diversity indices of the soil bacterial communities for each treatment.