Figures (11)  Tables (1)

    • Figure 1. 

      Major rivers in Northeast China and key areas covered in this study.

    • Figure 2. 

      Land use conversion in Northeast China over the past 40 years.

    • Figure 3. 

      Trends in runoff changes for the main stream and its tributaries of the XRB from 1956 to 2020. (a) Represents the mainstream; (b), (c), and (d) represent the three major tributaries: the Wulijimuren River, the Xar Moron River, and the Laoha River, respectively.

    • Figure 4. 

      (a) Location of Zhalong Wetland. (b) Changes in water source recharge characteristics, and (c) population of wild red-crowned cranes.

    • Figure 5. 

      (a) The irrigation and drainage systems of QRB. (b) The daily flow into wetlands under different agricultural development scenarios.

    • Figure 6. 

      The area of SSC in the SHJR has significantly decreased over the past 40 years. (a) 1980; (b) 2018.

    • Figure 7. 

      Area of cropland requiring conversion to grassland in each county/district of the XRB.

    • Figure 8. 

      The relationship between the proportion of land use types and the guarantee rate of suitable ecological water level.

    • Figure 9. 

      Spatial distribution of (a) GR, and (b) key protected areas under current conditions.

    • Figure 10. 

      (a)–(c) Spatial distribution of critical wetlands areas under different regulation scenarios.

    • Figure 11. 

      (a)–(c) Spatial distribution of GRs under different regulation scenarios.

    • Scenario Farmland Forest land Grassland Townland Wetland Farmland/
      wetland
      1 65.08% 31.26% 1.12% 2.54% 0.00 All farmland
      2 59.16% 31.26% 1.12% 2.54% 5.92% 10:1
      3 57.85% 31.26% 1.12% 2.54% 7.23% 8:1
      4 55.78% 31.26% 1.12% 2.54% 9.30% 6:1
      5 52.06% 31.26% 1.12% 2.54% 13.02% 4:1
      6 43.39% 31.26% 1.12% 2.54% 21.69% 2:1
      7 32.54% 31.26% 1.12% 2.54% 32.54% 1:1
      8 21.69% 31.26% 1.12% 2.54% 43.39% 1:2
      9 13.02% 31.26% 1.12% 2.54% 52.06% 1:4
      10 9.30% 31.26% 1.12% 2.54% 55.78% 1:6
      11 7.23% 31.26% 1.12% 2.54% 57.85% 1:8
      12 5.92% 31.26% 1.12% 2.54% 59.16% 1:10
      13 0.00 31.26% 1.12% 2.54% 65.08% All wetland

      Table 1. 

      Proportion of land use types under different scenarios in the QRB