Figures (3)  Tables (6)

    • Figure 1. 

      The fruit phenotypes of F1 hybrids derived from 'MATO' × 'Royal Gala'. The side length of one grid in the white grid background pattern is 1 cm.

    • Figure 2. 

      Frequency distributions of fruit characters in the F1 progenies derived from 'MATO' × 'Royal Gala'. SFW: Single fruit weight; LD: Longitudinal diameter; TD: Transverse diameter; FSI: Fruit shape index; FF: Fruit firmness; SS: Soluble sugar; TP: Total phenol; TF: Total flavonoid.

    • Figure 3. 

      Ranking of each hybrid derived from 'MATO' × 'Royal Gala' F1 population. The horizontal coordinate is the hybrid number, and the vertical coordinate is the principal components score.

    • Traits Parents Hybrids
      MT RG MP Average Range CV (%) Ta (%) H (%) Hb2 (%) H′ p χ2
      SFW (g) 145.00 ± 31.82 146.20 ± 15.27 145.60 148.69 88.40–266.88 23.92 102.12 2.12 50.77 2.78 < 0.01 7.59
      LD (mm) 59.40 ± 4.06 61.42 ± 2.70 60.41 61.76 49.43–75.71 8.25 102.24 2.24 54.22 2.98 0.986 7.47
      TD (mm) 67.98 ± 4.40 68.73 ± 2.88 68.36 68.15 57.28–84.32 8.05 99.70 −0.30 54.03 2.75 0.030 6.06
      FSI 0.87 ± 0.04 0.89 ± 0.04 0.88 0.91 0.80–1.07 5.15 102.56 2.56 11.48 2.94 0.216 0.37
      FF (g) 217.32 ± 41.23 261.16 ± 47.01 239.24 335.21 204.48–498.25 21.09 140.11 40.11 60.54 2.94 0.262 1.35
      SS (mg·g−1) 106.39 ± 3.97 91.59 ± 2.33 98.99 104.60 79.60–130.31 10.04 105.67 5.67 90.40 2.94 0.617 4.59
      TP (mg·g−1) 0.52 ± 0.11 0.50 ± 0.08 0.51 0.68 0.22–1.39 36.20 132.67 32.67 85.49 2.93 0.387 4.63
      TF (mg·g−1) 1.36 ± 0.12 0.78 ± 0.12 1.07 1.18 0.44–2.63 34.01 110.22 10.22 90.76 2.88 0.031 0.58
      L* value 68.85 ± 2.52 73.65 ± 2.88 71.25 58.90 43.41–72.26 11.04 82.67 −17.33 82.72 2.91 0.570 5.60
      a* value −6.80 ± 6.59 −1.20 ± 5.20 −4.00 17.84 −0.46–28.08 35.40 −445.70 −545.70 11.66 2.81 0.040 1.29
      b* value 39.00 ± 4.83 33.43 ± 3.13 36.21 20.99 12.54–33.81 20.68 57.96 −42.04 12.27 2.84 0.188 2.00
      Anthocyanin (μg·g−1) 47.65 ± 23.61 33.70 ± 8.42 40.67 501.10 76.39–1,401.46 66.22 1,231.99 1,131.99 99.71 2.67 < 0.01 15.61
      MT: MATO; RG: Royal Gala; MP: Mid-parent mean; CV: Coefficient of variation; Ta: Genetic transmitting ability of cross combinations; H: Heterosis; Hb2: Broad-sense heritability; H': Shannon-Weaver diversity index SFW: Single fruit weight; LD: Longitudinal diameter; TD: Transverse diameter; FSI: Fruit shape index; FF: Fruit firmness; SS: Soluble sugar; TP: Total phenol; TF: Total flavonoid.

      Table 1. 

      The heritable variation of quantitative traits in the F1 hybrids derived from 'MATO' × 'Royal Gala'.

    • TraitsParentsGrading standards and separation proportion of F1 hybrids (%)
      MTRG1234567H′
      FMP(d)9111292 (28.57)96 (12.70)100 (1.59)110 (26.98)117 (6.35)120 (14.29)133 (9.52)2.48
      PCRedOrange redPink (12.70)Orange-red (12.70)Red (57.14)Purple-red (17.46)1.66
      FCWhiteCream-whiteCream-white (39.68)White (55.56)Light-yellow (4.76)1.21
      FSOblateConicalConical (44.44)Oblate (14.29)Ovoid (6.35)Subcircular (12.70)Short cone (12.70)Long cone (9.52)2.25
      SDRNoNoNo (61.90)Yes (38.10)0.96
      CCASmallSmallBig (88.89)Medium (11.11)0.50
      FLDMediumMediumSparse (31.75)Medium (33.33)Dense (34.92)1.58
      FLSSmallSmallBig (9.52)Medium (15.87)Small (74.60)1.06
      FFLSweet-sourSweet-sourSweet (14.29)Sour-sweet (41.27)Sweet-sour (44.44)1.45
      FONoNoNo (85.71)Yes (14.29)0.59
      FTHard-brittleFriabilityFriability (60.32)Hard-brittle (20.63)Spongy (6.35)Soft (12.70)1.54
      FJMediumMoreMedium (46.03)More (46.03)Less (7.94)1.32
      MT: MATO; RG: Royal Gala; H′: Shannon-Weaver diversity index.

      Table 2. 

      The heritable variation of qualitative traits in the F1 hybrids derived from 'MATO' × 'Royal Gala'.

    • Trait Model MLV AIC value
      SFW 2MG-EA −298.2462 602.4923
      2MG-A −304.7744 617.5489
      2MG-AD −303.1634 618.3269
      LD 0MG −191.5009 387.0018
      1MG-A −191.3861 388.7721
      2MG-EA −191.3871 388.7742
      TD 2MG-A −179.6264 367.2528
      2MG-AD −182.0884 376.1767
      2MG-EA −186.3908 378.7816
      FSI 2MG-EA 106.8332 −207.6664
      2MG-A 106.6215 −205.2429
      2MG-AD 107.7765 −203.553
      FF 2MG-EA −354.9463 715.8926
      1MG-A −354.9687 715.9375
      2MG-AD −351.9761 715.9523
      SS 2MG-AD −223.0391 458.0782
      2MG-EA −234.3122 474.6244
      2MG-A −233.6495 475.299
      TP 2MG-EA 6.3401 −6.6802
      2MG-AD 6.2536 −0.5071
      0MG −0.3227 4.6453
      TF 2MG-EA −32.3398 70.6797
      1MG-A −32.4283 70.8565
      2MG-A −31.9198 71.8397
      L* value 2MG-AD −195.5202 403.0404
      2MG-A −203.5801 415.1602
      1MG-A −205.8905 417.7809
      a* value 2MG-AD −195.324 402.6481
      2MG-A −199.0068 406.0136
      1MG-A −200.9154 407.8309
      b* value 2MG-EA −174.2779 354.5559
      2MG-AD −173.1875 358.375
      1MG-A −182.5144 371.0288
      Anthocyanin 1MG-A −440.5951 887.1901
      2MG-AD −438.1598 888.3196
      2MG-A −440.5729 889.1458
      MG: Major gene; A: Additive; AD: Additive-dominant; EA: Equal additive; MLV: Log max likelihood Value; The bond digits are the best genetic models. SFW: Single fruit weight; LD: Longitudinal diameter; TD: Transverse diameter; FSI: Fruit shape index; FF: Fruit firmness; SS: Soluble sugar; TP: Total phenol; TF: Total flavonoid.

      Table 3. 

      Candidate genetic models of fruit characters and their maximum log likelihood values and AIC values.

    • Trait Model da db ha hb
      SFW 2MG-EA 31.1795 / / /
      LD 0MG / / / /
      TD 2MG-A 1.6402 3.5504 / /
      FSI 2MG-EA 0.0419 / / /
      FF 2MG-EA 50.4602 / / /
      SS 2MG-AD 7.3242 3.9858 −2.697 −3.844
      TP 2MG-EA 0.2098 / / /
      TF 2MG-EA 0.1279 / / /
      L* value 2MG-AD 5.9602 1.4847 0.7166 5.7453
      a* value 2MG-AD 6.2488 2.6734 −0.4882 −0.1502
      b* value 2MG-EA 4.0578 / / /
      Anthocyanin 1MG-A 330.5695 / / /
      da, db: Additive effect of major gene A and B; ha and hb: Dominant effect of major gene A and B. SFW: Single fruit weight; LD: Longitudinal diameter; TD: Transverse diameter; FSI: Fruit shape index; FF: Fruit firmness; SS: Soluble sugar; TP: Total phenol; TF: Total flavonoid.

      Table 4. 

      Estimation of genetic parameters for main fruit characters as the optimal genetic model.

    • Traits Eigenvector of principal component
      PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7 PC8
      SFW −0.63 0.62 0.34 0.08 0.11 0.01 −0.08 0.01
      LD −0.43 0.59 0.55 0.24 0.18 −0.13 0.08 −0.05
      TD −0.69 0.58 0.25 0.06 0.07 0.05 −0.10 0.05
      FSI 0.36 0.08 0.47 0.28 0.18 −0.30 0.28 −0.17
      FF 0.21 −0.51 0.14 −0.41 0.26 0.03 0.01 0.03
      SS 0.06 −0.32 0.01 −0.17 0.54 −0.21 0.52 0.08
      TP −0.11 −0.50 0.62 0.07 0.00 0.28 −0.21 −0.40
      TF 0.20 −0.56 0.50 0.31 0.18 0.25 −0.13 −0.27
      L* value −0.78 −0.32 −0.23 0.25 0.07 −0.04 0.03 −0.03
      a* value 0.88 0.28 0.11 −0.08 0.06 0.14 −0.07 −0.03
      b* value −0.78 −0.34 −0.20 −0.05 0.13 −0.04 0.24 0.02
      Anthocyanin 0.82 0.28 0.08 −0.16 −0.08 −0.02 −0.03 0.14
      FMP 0.39 −0.23 0.02 0.43 −0.28 −0.12 0.30 0.08
      PC 0.02 0.35 −0.23 0.02 0.56 0.46 0.13 −0.07
      FC 0.38 −0.18 −0.14 0.47 0.03 0.26 −0.38 0.39
      FS 0.20 −0.23 0.14 −0.12 0.20 −0.57 −0.29 −0.16
      SDR 0.72 0.13 0.02 0.17 0.27 0.02 0.23 0.24
      CCA 0.38 0.43 −0.09 −0.34 0.20 0.12 −0.04 −0.27
      FLD 0.12 0.09 0.03 −0.65 −0.31 −0.03 0.01 −0.29
      FLS 0.46 0.13 0.06 0.32 0.03 −0.06 −0.04 −0.17
      FFL 0.11 0.15 0.43 0.08 −0.52 −0.11 0.33 0.06
      FO 0.06 −0.03 0.27 −0.15 0.31 −0.39 −0.43 0.36
      FT −0.31 −0.16 0.46 −0.28 −0.07 0.03 −0.06 0.46
      FJ −0.02 −0.19 0.59 −0.34 −0.05 0.42 0.23 0.31
      Eigenvalue 5.28 2.93 2.39 1.83 1.51 1.29 1.23 1.16
      Contribution rate (%) 21.99 12.21 9.96 7.64 6.30 5.37 5.11 4.85
      Cumulative contribution rate (%) 21.99 34.21 44.17 51.81 58.10 63.47 68.58 73.43
      SFW: Single fruit weight; LD: Longitudinal diameter; TD: Transverse diameter; FSI: Fruit shape index; FF: Fruit firmness; SS: Soluble sugar; TP: Total phenol; TF: Total flavonoid.; FMP: Fruit maturity period; PC: Peel color; FC: Flesh color; FS: Fruit shape; SDR: Stem depression rust; CCA: Color covering area; FLD: Fruit lenticel density; FLS: Fruit lenticel size; FFL: Fruit flavor; FO: Fruit odor; FT: Flesh texture; FJ: Fruit juice.

      Table 5. 

      Principal component analysis of fruit traits in the F1 hybrids derived from 'MATO' × 'Royal Gala'.

    • Traits Parents Progenies
      MT RG B-16 44-19 125-6 40-9 105-12 50-48 123-46 124-29 30-45 39-45
      SFW (g) 145.00 ± 31.82 146.20 ± 15.27 145.35 ± 36.83 110.76 ± 9.17 131.18 ± 16.26 156.12 ± 26.66 120.36 ± 16.40 142.16 ± 11.67 119.89 ± 16.01 170.58 ± 30.3 184.67 ± 13.80 88.40 ± 8.55
      LD (mm) 59.40 ± 4.06 61.42 ± 2.70 64.58 ± 6.46 56.33 ± 3.17 59.26 ± 2.26 65.13 ± 2.69 59.71 ± 2.98 63.41 ± 2.40 60.12 ± 4.31 67.46 ± 4.87 67.87 ± 2.56 53.61 ± 2.03
      TD (mm) 67.98 ± 4.40 68.73 ± 2.88 68.97 ± 6.12 62.87 ± 1.84 65.67 ± 3.08 68.34 ± 4.64 63.31 ± 3.58 66.83 ± 1.67 63.87 ± 3.09 69.68 ± 3.43 74.32 ± 2.74 58.68 ± 2.03
      FSI 0.87 ± 0.04 0.89 ± 0.04 0.94 ± 0.03 0.90 ± 0.04 0.90 ± 0.05 0.95 ± 0.04 0.94 ± 0.05 0.95 ± 0.04 0.94 ± 0.05 0.97 ± 0.04 0.91 ± 0.03 0.91 ± 0.03
      FF (g) 217.32 ± 41.23 261.16 ± 47.01 409.08 ± 57.08 330.27 ± 70.23 252.24 ± 29.52 359.17 ± 50.81 354.26 ± 56.52 310.30 ± 35.65 404.00 ± 71.79 379.56 ± 42.43 272.98 ± 43.32 280.92 ± 36.56
      SS (mg·g−1) 106.39 ± 3.97 91.59 ± 2.33 112.12 ± 10.32 105.95 ± 10.65 117.77 ± 7.97 122.12 ± 4.97 108.84 ± 12.86 95.30 ± 14.71 98.02 ± 6.11 96.48 ± 4.89 98.82 ± 2.78 89.94 ± 2.11
      TP (mg·g−1) 0.52 ± 0.11 0.50 ± 0.08 0.85 ± 0.10 0.55 ± 0.09 0.54 ± 0.06 0.67 ± 0.09 0.74 ± 0.27 0.33 ± 0.04 0.79 ± 0.10 0.44 ± 0.06 0.61 ± 0.07 0.64 ± 0.08
      TF (mg·g−1) 1.36 ± 0.12 0.78 ± 0.12 1.72 ± 0.13 0.97 ± 0.11 1.56 ± 0.09 1.21 ± 0.11 1.78 ± 0.54 0.64 ± 0.06 1.35 ± 0.20 0.66 ± 0.13 1.43 ± 0.07 1.14 ± 0.09
      L* value 68.85 ± 2.52 73.65 ± 2.88 55.83 ± 12.91 54.62 ± 11.57 44.30±9.94 43.41 ± 11.07 48.26 ± 10.96 56.35 ± 11.62 48.98 ± 10.51 53.86 ± 11.58 56.70 ± 12.84 52.14 ± 12.47
      a* value −6.80 ± 6.59 −1.20 ± 5.20 24.69 ± 12.34 23.92 ± 9.48 26.85 ± 6.45 25.29 ± 7.02 26.00 ± 8.34 21.54 ± 8.06 26.77 ± 8.48 23.09 ± 9.53 24.47 ± 14.27 25.71 ± 9.61
      b* value 39.00 ± 4.83 33.43 ± 3.13 19.46 ± 5.71 13.37 ± 5.70 12.69 ± 5.61 12.65 ± 7.04 12.66 ± 5.38 17.56 ± 5.36 17.36 ± 7.58 19.62 ± 6.61 17.53 ± 5.79 12.54 ± 5.52
      Anthocyanin
      (μg·g−1)      		 47.65 ±
      23.61      		 33.70 ±
      8.42      		 636.83 ±
      134.11      		 612.05 ±
      92.04      		 1,253.46 ±
      349.97      		 1,238.07 ±
      151.22      		 1,401.46 ±
      102.13      		 911.00 ±
      65.18      		 1,221.55 ±
      136.58      		 809.76 ±
      66.56      		 565.72 ±
      103.35      		 1,050.84 ±
      242.21
      FMP(d) 91 112 92 110 92 110 92 96 96 110 92 92
      PC Red Orange red Red Red Purple red Purple red Purple red Red Purple red Red Red Purple red
      FC White Cream-white White White White Cream-white White White White Cream-white White White
      FS Oblate Conical Long cone Conical Oblate Conical Conical Long cone Conical Ovoid Conical Subcircular
      SDR No No No No No No No No No No No No
      CCA Small Small Big Big Big Big Big Big Big Big Big Big
      FLD Medium Medium Sparse Dense Dense Dense Dense Sparse Medium Dense Medium Dense
      FLS Small Small Small Small Small Small Medium Small Small Small Small Small
      FFL Sweet-sour Sweet-sour Sour-sweet Sweet-sour Sweet-sour Sweet-sour Sour-sweet Sweet-sour Sweet-sour Sour-sweet Sour-sweet Sour-sweet
      FO No No Yes No No No No No No No No No
      FT Friability Friability Hard and brittle Hard and brittle Friability Friability Hard and brittle Hard and brittle Friability Hard and brittle Friability Friability
      FJ Medium More Medium More Medium More Medium Medium More More Medium Medium
      MT: MATO; RG: Royal Gala; SFW: Single fruit weight; LD: Longitudinal diameter; TD: Transverse diameter; FSI: Fruit shape index; FF: Fruit firmness; SS: Soluble sugar; TP: Total phenol; TF: Total flavonoid; FMP: Fruit maturity period; PC: Peel color; FC: Flesh color; FS: Fruit shape; SDR: Stem depression rust; CCA: Color covering area; FLD: Fruit lenticel density; FLS: Fruit lenticel size; FFL: Fruit flavor; FO: Fruit odor; FT: Flesh texture; FJ: Fruit juice.

      Table 6. 

      Fruit traits of the 10 selected hybrids from 'MATO' × 'Royal Gala' F1 population.