Figures (6)  Tables (1)

    • Figure 1. 

      The LJF elution curves with different NaCl concentrations. Note: LJF: Laminaria japonica fucoidan; LJF-1: Laminaria japonica fucoidan with 0.5 mol/L NaCl elution; LJF-2: Laminaria japonica fucoidan with 1.0 mol/L NaCl elution.

    • Figure 2. 

      The structural properties of LJF, LJF-1, and LJF-2. (a) Monosaccharide composition analysis. (b) Infrared spectral analysis. (c) Particle size analysis. (d) Zeta potential analysis. Note: LJF: Laminaria japonica fucoidan; LJF-1: Laminaria japonica fucoidan with 0.5 mol/L NaCl elution; LJF-2: Laminaria japonica fucoidan with 1.0 mol/L NaCl elution.

    • Figure 3. 

      Hyaluronidase inhibition assay of LJF, LJF-1, and LJF-2. (a) The hyaluronidase inhibition rate of LJF, LJF-1, and LJF-2. (b) Effects of LJF on the changes of hyaluronidase fluorescence intensity. (c) Effects of LJF-1 on the changes of hyaluronidase fluorescence intensity. (d) Effects of LJF-2 on the changes of hyaluronidase fluorescence intensity. Note: LJF: Laminaria japonica fucoidan; LJF-1: Laminaria japonica fucoidan with 0.5 mol/L NaCl elution; LJF-2: Laminaria japonica fucoidan with 1.0 mol/L NaCl elution.

    • Figure 4. 

      Anti-proinflammatory effects of LJF-2. (a) Toxic effects of LJF-2 on RAW 264.7 macrophages. (b) Effects of LJF-2 on NO secretion. (c) Effects of LJF-2 on ROS secretion. Note: LJF-2: Laminaria japonica fucoidan with 1.0 mol/L NaCl elution; NC: Negative Control (untreated cells); PC: Positive Control (LPS-stimulated cells).

    • Figure 5. 

      Effects of LJF-2 on the gene expression level of pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW246.7 macrophages. (a) Effects of LJF-2 on TNF-α secretion. (b) Effects of LJF-2 on IL-6 secretion. (c) Effects of LJF-2 on IL-1β secretion. Note: LJF: Laminaria japonica fucoidan; LJF-1: Laminaria japonica fucoidan with 0.5 mol/L NaCl elution; LJF-2: Laminaria japonica fucoidan with 1.0 mol/L NaCl elution; NC: Negative Control (untreated cells); Positive Control (LPS-stimulated cells).

    • Figure 6. 

      The anti-allergic effects of LJF-2. (a) Cell viability of RBL-2H3 mast cells treated with LJF-2. (b) Effects of LJF-2 on β-hexosaminidase activity. (c) Effects of LJF-2 on histamine secretion. (d) Effects of LJF-2 on ROS secretion. (e) Effects of LJF-2 on Ca2+ secretion. (f) Effects of LJF-2 on STM1 expression. (g) Effects of LJF-2 on TRPC1 expression. Note: LJF: Laminaria japonica fucoidan; LJF-1: Laminaria japonica fucoidan with 0.5 mol/L NaCl elution; LJF-2: Laminaria japonica fucoidan with 1.0 mol/L NaCl elution; NC: Negative Control (untreated cells); Positive Control (LPS-stimulated cells).

    • LJF types Carbohydrate
      content (%)      		 Uronic
      acid (%)      		 Sulfate
      radical (%)      		 Protein
      content (%)
      LJF 43.93 ± 0.08 11.18 ± 0.17 23.53 ± 0.67 1.18 ± 0.37
      LJF-1 54.91 ± 0.10 14.26 ± 0.21 28.42 ± 0.58 1.09 ± 0.22
      LJF-2 62.29 ± 0.09 17.20 ± 0.10 35.07 ± 0.23 0.60 ± 0.17
      LJF: Laminaria japonica fucoidan; LJF-1: Laminaria japonica fucoidan with 0.5 mol/L NaCl elution; LJF-2: Laminaria japonica fucoidan with 1.0 mol/L NaCl elution.

      Table 1. 

      Physicochemical properties of LJF, LJF-1, and LJF-2 after NaCl elution.