Figures (9)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      The magnetic coupling structure: (a) Overview, (b) specific details, (c) picture of Ls, and (d) picture of Lp and L0.

    • Figure 2. 

      Circuit diagram of the proposed WPT system.

    • Figure 3. 

      Equivalent circuit with the LCC-S topology.

    • Figure 4. 

      Equivalent circuit with the LCC-S-S topology.

    • Figure 5. 

      Picture of the experimental setup.

    • Figure 6. 

      Design flowchart of the system's parameters.

    • Figure 7. 

      Dynamic response of the system switching from CV (LCC-S) to CC (LCC-S-S) mode.

    • Figure 8. 

      Dynamic response of the system in CV (LCC-S) mode.

    • Figure 9. 

      Dynamic response of the system in CC (LCC-S-S) mode.

    • Lp L0 Ls L1 Cp
      87.5 μH 24.5 μH 84.5 μH 45 μH 61.8 nF
      C0 C1 Cs MLp_Ls MLp_L0
      103.4 nF 46.5 nF 29.94 nF 32.5 μH 38.1 μH
      ML0_Ls UL IL Udc f
      15.58 μH 63 V 7 A 120 V 100 kHz
      Np N0 Ns d
      15 8 12 5 cm

      Table 1. 

      The system's parameters.

    • Ref. Method Control complexity Hardware Efficiency Main limitation and characteristic
      [15] Frequency control High (needs communication systems) Low (two-coil) 96.5% Risk of bifurcation and instability
      [16] Phase shift High (synching required) Low (two-coil) 93.59% Reactive circulating current
      [17] PDM High (complex system) Low (three-coil) 91.55% High output ripple and acoustic noise
      [18] Clamp coil Low (passive) High (three-coil) 90.2% Complex cross-coupling issues
      [19] Hybrid switch Medium (multi-switch) Very high 94.5% High cost and low reliability
      Proposed LCC-S-S Very low (open-loop) Moderate 89.6% Optimal balance: Robust and cost-effective

      Table 2. 

      Comparison between this paper and other studies.