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Figure 1. 

Genome and transcriptome-based studies on adaptive evolution in Nitraria. This study employed multi-platform sequencing technologies to assemble the complete chloroplast genomes and whole-genome sequences of N. tangutorum and N. sibirica. Combined with transcriptomic profiling, it elucidates the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying abiotic stress tolerance and the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in the fruit of these species.

Figure 2. 

Core skeleton and six basic structural classes of anthocyanidins. This figure illustrates the positively charged flavylium core skeleton of anthocyanidins, as well as the six fundamental anthocyanidin monomers derived from substitutions on the B-ring. A supplementary table lists their respective substituent groups and molecular weight characteristics.

Figure 3. 

Multitarget pharmacological regulatory mechanisms of bioactive constituents in Nitraria. This figure depicts the multi-target pharmacological pathways of key bioactive components from Nitraria, including anthocyanins and flavonoids, covering their mechanisms of anti-inflammation, antioxidant activity, anti-tumor effects, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, and antimicrobial and antiviral activities.

Figure 4. 

Synergistic multi-pathway defense mechanisms of Nitraria under salt and drought stress. This figure dissects the molecular mechanisms by which Nitraria copes with salt and drought stresses via synergistic interactions among three major pathways: ion homeostasis, osmotic adjustment, and antioxidative defense.

Figure 5. 

Anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and molecular regulatory network in Nitraria fruit. This figure defines the core biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins in Nitraria fruits starting from L-phenylalanine and reveals the molecular basis underlying the formation of distinct fruit phenotypes modulated by environmental and endogenous signaling cues.