Figures (6)  Tables (5)

    • Figure 1. 

      (a), (b) Nimtoli fire tragedy[7] and (c), (d) Chawkbazar fire tragedy[8].

    • Figure 2. 

      Research methodology framework.

    • Figure 3. 

      Study area (Source: [15−17] and Google maps).

    • Figure 4. 

      Steps of ISM[22] .

    • Figure 5. 

      Hierarchical structure based on levels obtained from level portioning.

    • Figure 6. 

      MICMAC analysis of challenges.

    • Code Challenges Description Ref.
      C1 Inadequate education and safety knowledge Insufficient knowledge and information could affect community members' actions during fires and cause more injuries. [19]
      C2 Lack of awareness Insensitivity and ignorance often create fires. Unawareness makes rescue and recovery difficult. Field survey
      and FGD
      C3 Behavioral barrier Human behavior is significant to fire safety. Their survival depends on knowing when to evacuate and how to react to fire cues. [19]
      C4 Misinformation and a lack of proper information about the hazard and location Sometimes the firefighters get misinformation about the source of the fire, which makes the rescue process more difficult, and a lack of proper information about the incident location can delay the rescue process. [20]
      C5 Narrow road network and congested settlement Narrow roads and congested settlements cause delays in the rescue process, leading to more injuries. Field survey
      C6 No emergency lane As there is no emergency lane, the fighters need to travel on the normal road and go through traffic jams, which delays the rescue process. [21]
      C7 Heavy urban traffic One of the main causes of the delay in the rescue process. [21]
      C8 Intervention of people at the scene Public participation without fire extinguishers and first aid training could lead to a more difficult situation. [19]
      C9 Lack of capacity of firefighters Sometimes the equipment and skills of firefighters are not enough to stop the fire and prevent casualties. [19]
      C10 Lack of implementation and monitoring of legislation The building's fire protection measures as well as response activities are not adequately regulated or supervised. [19]
      C11 Unplanned and illegal use of land The challenges brought on by urban infrastructure increase response times and interrupt the activities of firefighting and emergency medical care. Field survey
      and KII
      C12 Weak pattern of services Lack of resources, plans, and community help make the rescue process more difficult. [19]
      C13 Lack of multi-stakeholder collaboration Lack of collaboration among the community, planners, builders, resource suppliers, and rescuers may lead to a more difficult situation. KII

      Table 1. 

      Identified challenges of fire hazard management in Old Dhaka.

    • SL No. C13 C12 C11 C10 C9 C8 C7 C6 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1
      C1 V V V X V V V V V V X V X
      C2 V V V X O V V V V V X X
      C3 V V V X O V V V O V X
      C4 V V A V V V V O O X
      C5 O V A A V O V V X
      C6 O V O A V O A X
      C7 O V A A V A X
      C8 V V O O V X
      C9 A A A A X
      C10 V V V X
      C11 A V X
      C12 A X
      C13 X

      Table 2. 

      Structural self-interaction matrix.

    • SL No. C13 C12 C11 C10 C9 C8 C7 C6 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1
      C1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
      C2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
      C3 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
      C4 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
      C5 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
      C6 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
      C7 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
      C8 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
      C9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      C10 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
      C11 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
      C12 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      C13 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

      Table 3. 

      Initial reachability matrix.

    • SL No. C13 C12 C11 C10 C9 C8 C7 C6 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1 Driving power
      C1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13
      C2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1* 12
      C3 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1* 1 1 1 1 12
      C4 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 7
      C5 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 5
      C6 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3
      C7 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4
      C8 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
      C9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
      C10 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 11
      C11 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 6
      C12 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
      C13 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
      Dependency 7 12 6 5 11 5 9 7 6 5 4 4 4

      Table 4. 

      Final reachability matrix.

    • Challenges Reachability set Antecedent set Intersection Level
      Iteration 1 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      3 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      4 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 11 4
      5 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11 5
      6 6, 9, 12 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10 6
      7 6, 7, 9, 12 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 7
      8 7, 8, 9, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 8
      9 9 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 9 I
      10 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      11 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 13 11
      12 9, 12 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 12
      13 9, 11, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 13 13
      Iteration 2 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      3 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      4 4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 11 4
      5 5, 6, 7, 12 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11 5
      6 6, 12 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10 6
      7 6, 7, 12 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 7
      8 7, 8, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 8
      10 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      11 4, 5, 7, 11, 12 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 13 11
      12 12 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 12 II
      13 11, 12, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 13 13
      Iteration 3 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      3 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      4 4, 7, 8, 10, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 11 4
      5 5, 6, 7 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11 5
      6 6 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10 6 III
      7 6, 7 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 7
      8 7, 8, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 8
      10 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      11 4, 5, 7, 11 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 13 11
      13 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 13 13
      Iteration 4 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      3 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      4 4, 7, 8, 10, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 11 4
      5 5, 7 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11 5
      7 7 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 7 IV
      8 7, 8, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 8
      10 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      11 4, 5, 7, 11 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 13 11
      13 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 13 13
      Iteration 5 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      3 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      4 4, 8, 10, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 11 4
      5 5 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11 5 V
      8 8, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 8
      10 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      11 4, 5, 11 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 13 11
      13 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 13 13
      Iteration 6 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      2 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      3 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      4 4, 8, 10, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 11 4
      8 8, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 8 VI
      10 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      11 4, 11 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 13 11 VI
      13 11, 13 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 13 13 VI
      Iteration 7 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      2 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      3 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 10
      4 4, 10 1, 2, 3, 4 4
      10 1, 2, 3, 10 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 1, 2, 3, 10 VII
      Iteration 8 1 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3
      2 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3
      3 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3
      4 4 1, 2, 3, 4 4 VIII
      Iteration 9 1 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 IX
      2 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 IX
      3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 IX

      Table 5. 

      Iteration method for level partitioning.