[1]

Zhao D, Tao J. 2015. Recent advances on the development and regulation of flower color in ornamental plants. Frontiers in Plant Science 6:261

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00261
[2]

Van der Kooi CJ, Elzenga JTM, Staal M, Stavenga DG. 2016. How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283:20160429

doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0429
[3]

Grotewold E. 2006. The genetics and biochemistry of floral pigments. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57:761−80

doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105248
[4]

Stavenga DG, Leertouwer HL, Dudek B, van der Kooi CJ. 2020. Coloration of flowers by flavonoids and consequences of ph dependent absorption. Frontiers in Plant Science 11:600124

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600124
[5]

Liu J, Du L, Chen S, Cao J, Ding X, et al. 2022. Comparative analysis of the effects of internal factors on the floral color of four chrysanthemum cultivars of different colors. Agriculture 12:635

doi: 10.3390/agriculture12050635
[6]

Lu C, Li Y, Wang J, Qu J, Chen Y, et al. 2021. Flower color classification and correlation between color space values with pigments in potted multiflora chrysanthemum. Scientia Horticulturae 283:110082

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110082
[7]

Voss DH. 1992. Relating colorimeter measurement of plant color to the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart. HortScience 27:1256−60

doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.27.12.1256
[8]

Wang Y, Zhang C, Dong B, Fu J, Hu S, et al. 2018. Carotenoid accumulation and its contribution to flower coloration of Osmanthus fragrans. Frontiers in Plant Science 9:1499

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01499
[9]

Wang L, Shiraishi A, Hashimoto F, Aoki N, Shimizu K, et al. 2001. Analysis of petal anthocyanins to investigate flower coloration of Zhongyuan (Chinese) and Daikon Island (Japanese) tree peony cultivars. Journal of Plant Research 114:33−43

doi: 10.1007/PL00013966
[10]

Wan H, Yu C, Han Y, Guo X, Luo L, et al. 2019. Determination of flavonoids and carotenoids and their contributions to various colors of rose cultivars (Rosa spp.). Frontiers in Plant Science 10:123

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00123
[11]

Hill B, Roger T, Vorhagen FW. 1997. Comparative analysis of the quantization of color spaces on the basis of the CIELAB color-difference formula. ACM Transactions on Graphics 16:109−54

doi: 10.1145/248210.248212
[12]

Tanaka Y, Sasaki N, Ohmiya A. 2008. Biosynthesis of plant pigments: anthocyanins, betalains and carotenoids. The Plant Journal 54:733−49

doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03447.x
[13]

Xue L, Wang Z, Zhang W, Li Y, Wang J, et al. 2016. Flower pigment inheritance and anthocyanin characterization of hybrids from pink-flowered and white-flowered strawberry. Scientia Horticulturae 200:143−50

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2016.01.020
[14]

Ben Abdelaali S, Rodrigo MJ, Saddoud O, Zacarías L, Hajlaoui MR, et al. 2018. Carotenoids and colour diversity of traditional and emerging Tunisian orange cultivars (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Scientia Horticulturae 227:296−304

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.09.023
[15]

Conner PJ, MacLean D. 2013. Fruit anthocyanin profile and berry color of muscadine grape cultivars and muscadinia germplasm. HortScience 48:1235−40

doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.48.10.1235
[16]

Dai S, Hong Y. 2017. Chrysanthemum: rich diversity of flower color and full possibilities for flower color modification. Acta Horticulturae193−208

doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1171.26
[17]

Su J, Jiang J, Zhang F, Liu Y, Ding L, et al. 2019. Current achievements and future prospects in the genetic breeding of chrysanthemum: a review. Horticulture Research 6:109

doi: 10.1038/s41438-019-0193-8
[18]

Li H, Shao J. 1990. Investigation, collection and classification of chrysanthemum cultivars in China. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University 13:30−36

[19]

Tang M, Xue W, Li X, Wang L, Wang M, et al. 2022. Mitotically heritable epigenetic modifications of CmMYB6 control anthocyanin biosynthesis in chrysanthemum. New Phytologist 236:1075−88

doi: 10.1111/nph.18389
[20]

Huang H, Lu C, Ma S, Wang X, Dai S. 2019. Different colored Chrysanthemum × morifolium cultivars represent distinct plastid transformation and carotenoid deposit patterns. Protoplasma 256:1629−45

doi: 10.1007/s00709-019-01406-x
[21]

Hong Y, Tang X, Huang H, Zhang Y, Dai S. 2015. Transcriptomic analyses reveal species-specific light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in chrysanthemum. BMC Genomics 16:202

doi: 10.1186/s12864-015-1428-1
[22]

Lu C, Qu J, Deng C, Liu F, Zhang F, et al. 2022. The transcription factor complex CmAP3-CmPI-CmUIF1 modulates carotenoid metabolism by directly regulating the carotenogenic gene CmCCD4a-2 in chrysanthemum. Horticulture Research 9:uhac020

doi: 10.1093/hr/uhac020
[23]

Qi S, Twyford AD, Ding J, Borrell JS, Wang L, et al. 2022. Natural interploidy hybridization among the key taxa involved in the origin of horticultural chrysanthemums. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 60:1281−90

doi: 10.1111/jse.12810
[24]

Wen X, Li J, Wang L, Lu C, Gao Q, et al. 2022. The Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium genome and the molecular mechanism underlying diverse capitulum types. Horticulture Research 9:uhab022

doi: 10.1093/hr/uhab022
[25]

Song A, Su J, Wang H, Zhang Z, Zhang X, et al. 2023. Analyses of a chromosome-scale genome assembly reveal the origin and evolution of cultivated chrysanthemum. Nature Communications 14:2021

doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37730-3
[26]

Gao K, Song X, Kong D, Dai S. 2020. Genetic analysis of leaf traits in small-flower chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.). Agronomy 10:697

doi: 10.3390/agronomy10050697
[27]

Zhang F, Chen S, Chen F, Fang W, Deng Y, et al. 2011. Genetic analysis and associated SRAP markers for flowering traits of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). Euphytica 177:15−24

doi: 10.1007/s10681-010-0239-3
[28]

Song X, Zhao X, Fan G, Gao K, Dai S, et al. 2018. Genetic analysis of the corolla tube merged degree and the relative number of ray florets in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.). Scientia Horticulturae 242:214−24

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.07.010
[29]

Yang Y, Wen C, Ma N, Zhao L. 2015. Heterosis and genetic analysis of branching in cut-flower chrysanthemums. Euphytica 205:915−25

doi: 10.1007/s10681-015-1439-7
[30]

Lim JH, Shim MS, Sim SC, Oh KH, Seo JY. 2014. Genetic variation of flower characteristics in a population derived from a cross between the chrysanthemum cultivars 'Falcao' and 'Frill Green'. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 55:322−28

doi: 10.1007/s13580-014-0140-4
[31]

Kumar G, Hiremath VM, Tiwari AK, Vanlalruati, Sindhu SS. 2021. Morpho-metric characterization and genetic variability studies in chrysanthemum. Plant Genetic Resources 19:503−11

doi: 10.1017/S1479262121000629
[32]

Zhang M, Huang H, Wang Q, Dai S. 2018. Cross breeding new cultivars of early-flowering multiflora chrysanthemum based on mathematical analysis. HortScience 53:421−26

doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI12769-17
[33]

Zhao Y, Huo B, Lin S, Zhang S, Mao C, et al. 2022. Germplasm innovation and establishment of comprehensive evaluation system for hedgerow garden chrysanthemum. Agronomy 12:1736

doi: 10.3390/agronomy12081736
[34]

Song X, Xu Y, Gao K, Fan G, Zhang F, et al. 2020. High-density genetic map construction and identification of loci controlling flower-type traits in Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.). Horticulture Research 7:108

doi: 10.1038/s41438-020-0333-1
[35]

Yu C, Luo L, Pan H, Guo X, Wan H, et al. 2014. Filling gaps with construction of a genetic linkage map in tetraploid roses. Frontiers in Plant Science 5:796

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00796
[36]

Cai C, Cheng F, Wu J, Zhong Y, Liu G. 2015. The first high-density genetic map construction in tree peony (Paeonia Sect. Moutan) using genotyping by specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing. PLoS ONE 10:e0128584

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128584
[37]

He Y, Yuan W, Dong M, Han Y, Shang F. 2017. The first genetic map in sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans Lour.) using specific locus amplified fragment sequencing. Frontiers in Plant Science 8:1621

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01621
[38]

Han X, Luo Y, Lin J, Wu H, Sun H, et al. 2021. Generation of purple-violet chrysanthemums via anthocyanin B-ring hydroxylation and glucosylation introduced from Osteospermum hybrid F3'5'H and Clitoria ternatea A3'5'GT. Ornamental Plant Research 1:4

doi: 10.48130/OPR-2021-0004
[39]

Wang F, Xu S, Wu Z, Zhong X, Fang W, et al. 2021. Screening and functional analysis of potential S genes in Chrysanthemum morifolium. Ornamental Plant Research 1:6

doi: 10.48130/OPR-2021-0006
[40]

Zhang Y, Zhu M, Dai S. 2013. Analysis of karyotype diversity of 40 Chinese chrysanthemum cultivars. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 51:335−52

doi: 10.1111/j.1759-6831.2012.00235.x
[41]

Zhang F, Chen S, Chen F, Fang W, Chen Y, et al. 2011. SRAP-based mapping and QTL detection for inflorescence-related traits in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema morifolium). Molecular Breeding 27:11−23

doi: 10.1007/s11032-010-9409-1
[42]

Van Geest G, Bourke PM, Voorrips RE, Marasek-Ciolakowska A, Liao Y, et al. 2017. An ultra-dense integrated linkage map for hexaploid chrysanthemum enables multi-allelic QTL analysis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 130:2527−41

doi: 10.1007/s00122-017-2974-5
[43]

Deubert KH. 1978. A rapid method for the extraction and quantitation of total anthocyanin of cranberry fruit. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 26:1452−53

doi: 10.1021/jf60220a041
[44]

Zhang F, Chen S, Chen F, Fang W, Li F. 2010. A preliminary genetic linkage map of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) cultivars using RAPD, ISSR and AFLP markers. Scientia Horticulturae 125:422−28

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2010.03.028
[45]

Gai Y, Zhang Y, Wang J. 2003. Genetic System of Quantitative Traits in Plants. Beijing: China Science Press. 380 pp.

[46]

Cao X, Liu B, Zhang Y. 2013. SEA: a software package of segregation analysis of quantitative traits in plants. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University 36:1−6

[47]

Van Ooijen JW. 2011. Multipoint maximum likelihood mapping in a full-sib family of an outbreeding species. Genetics Research 93:343−9

doi: 10.1017/S0016672311000279
[48]

McCouch SR, Chen X, Panaud O, Temnykh S, Xu Y, et al. 1997. Microsatellite marker development, mapping and applications in rice genetics and breeding. Plant Molecular Biology 35:89−99

doi: 10.1023/A:1005711431474
[49]

Chen C, Chen H, Zhang Y, Thomas HR, Frank MH, et al. 2020. TBtools: an integrative Toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data. Molecular Plant 13:1194−202

doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.06.009
[50]

Hong Y, Bai X, Sun W, Jia F, Dai S. 2012. The numerical classification of chrysanthemum flower color phenotype. Acta Horticulturae Sinica 39:1330−40

[51]

Song C, Liu Y, Song A, Dong G, Zhao H, et al. 2018. The Chrysanthemum nankingense genome provides insights into the evolution and diversification of chrysanthemum flowers and medicinal traits. Molecular Plant 11:1482−91

doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.10.003
[52]

Nakano M, Hirakawa H, Fukai E, Toyoda A, Kajitani R, et al. 2021. A chromosome-level genome sequence of Chrysanthemum seticuspe, a model species for hexaploid cultivated chrysanthemum. Communications Biology 4:1167

doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02704-y
[53]

Van Lieshout N, van Kaauwen M, Kodde L, Arens P, Smulders MJM, et al. 2022. De novo whole-genome assembly of Chrysanthemum makinoi, a key wild chrysanthemum. G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 12:jkab358

doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab358
[54]

Ohmiya A. 2018. Molecular mechanisms underlying the diverse array of petal colors in chrysanthemum flowers. Breeding science 68:119−27

doi: 10.1270/jsbbs.17075
[55]

Kishimoto S, Maoka T, Nakayama M, Ohmiya A. 2004. Carotenoid composition in petals of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura). Phytochemistry 65:2781−87

doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.08.038
[56]

Lu C, Pu Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Qu J, et al. 2019. Comparative transcriptomics and weighted gene co-expression correlation network analysis (WGCNA) reveal potential regulation mechanism of carotenoid accumulation in Chrysanthemum × morifolium. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 142:415−28

doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.023