Back Article

Baud S, Corso M, Debeaujon I, Dubreucq B, Job D, et al. 2022. Recent progress in molecular genetics and omics-driven research in seed biology. Comptes Rendus Biologies 345:61−110

Nambara N, Nonogaki H. 2012. Seed biology in the 21st century: perspectives and new directions. Plant & Cell Physiology 53:1−4

Reed RC, Bradford KJ, Khanday I. 2022. Seed germination and vigor: ensuring crop sustainability in a changing climate. Heredity 128:450−59

Skuodienė R, Matyžiūtė V. 2022. Soil seed bank in a pre-erosion cereal-grass crop rotation. Plants 11:2636−47

Muoneke OB, Okere KI, Nwaeze CN. 2022. Agriculture, globalization, and ecological footprint: the role of agriculture beyond the tipping point in the Philippines. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29:54652−79

Linkies A, Graeber K, Knight C, Leubner-Metzger G. 2010. The evolution of seeds. New Phytologist 186:817−31

Matilla AJ. 2019. Seed coat formation: its evolution and regulation. Seed Science Research 29:215−26

Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Majcher D, Brzezicka E, Rojek J, Wróbel-Marek J, et al. 2020. Development of embryo suspensors for five genera of Crassulaceae with special emphasis on plasmodesmata distribution and ultrastructure. Plants 9:320

Morley-Smith ER, Pike MJ, Findlay K, Köckenberger W, Hill LM, et al. 2008. The transport of sugars to developing embryos is not via the bulk endosperm in oilseed rape seeds. Plant Physiology 147:2121−30

Olsen OA. 2004. Nuclear endosperm development in cereals and Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Cell 16:S214−S227

Becraft PW, Gutierrez-Marcos J. 2012. Endosperm development: dynamic processes and cellular innovations underlying sibling altruism. WIREs Developmental Biology 1:579−93

Fan Y, Li Y. 2019. Molecular, cellular and Yin-Yang regulation of grain size and number in rice. Molecular Breeding 39:163

Syrovatkina V, Alegre KO, Dey R, Huang XY. 2016. Regulation, signaling, and physiological functions of G-proteins. Journal of Molecular Biology 428:3850−68

Ofoe R. 2021. Signal transduction by plant heterotrimeric G-protein. Plant Biology 23:3−10

Temple BRS, Jones AM. 2007. The plant heterotrimeric G-protein complex. Annual Review of Plant Biology 58:249−66

Pandey S. 2019. Heterotrimeric G-protein signaling in plants: conserved and novel mechanisms. Annual Review of Plant Biology 70:213−38

Urano D, Chen JG, Botella JR, Jones AM. 2013. Heterotrimeric G protein signalling in the plant kingdom. Open Biology 3:120186

Arterburn JB, Prossnitz ER. 2023. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER: molecular pharmacology and therapeutic applications. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 63:295−320

Wang W, Qiao Y, Li Z. 2018. New insights into modes of GPCR activation. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 39:367−86

Dupré DJ, Robitaille M, Rebois RV, Hébert TE. 2009. The role of Gβγ subunits in the organization, assembly, and function of GPCR signaling complexes. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 49:31−56

Koelle MR. 2006. Heterotrimeric G protein signaling: Getting inside the cell. Cell 127:25−27

Pandey S, Wang RS, Wilson L, Li S, Zhao Z, et al. 2010. Boolean modeling of transcriptome data reveals novel modes of heterotrimeric G-protein action. Molecular Systems Biology 6:372

Urano D, Jones AM. 2014. Heterotrimeric G protein-coupled signaling in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology 65:365−84

Roy Choudhury S, Pandey S. 2016. Interaction of heterotrimeric G-protein components with receptor-like kinases in plants: an alternative to the established signaling paradigm? Molecular Plant 9:1093−95

Pandey S, Assmann SM. 2004. The Arabidopsis putative G protein-coupled receptor GCR1 interacts with the G protein alpha subunit GPA1 and regulates abscisic acid signaling. The Plant Cell 16:1616−32

Gookin TE, Kim J, Assmann SM. 2008. Whole proteome identification of plant candidate G-protein coupled receptors in Arabidopsis, rice, and poplar: computational prediction and in-vivo protein coupling. Genome Biology 9:R120

Pandey S, Nelson D, Assmann S. 2009. Two novel GPCR-type G proteins are abscisic acid receptors in Arabidopsis. Cell 136:136−48

Duan P, Li Y. 2021. Size matters: G protein signaling is crucial for grain size control in rice. Molecular Plant 14:1618−20

Wang Y, Wang Y, Deng D. 2019. Multifaceted plant G protein: interaction network, agronomic potential, and beyond. Planta 249:1259−66

Assmann SM. 2004. Plant G proteins, phytohormones, and plasticity: three questions and a speculation. Science Signaling 264:re20

Nan J, Feng X, Wang C, Zhang X, Wang R, et al. 2018. Improving rice grain length through updating the GS3 locus of an elite variety Kongyu 131. Rice 11:21

Yoon DK, Suganami M, Ishiyama K, Kagawa T, Tanaka M, et al. 2022. The gs3 allele from a large-grain rice cultivar, Akita 63, increases yield and improves nitrogen-use efficiency. Plant Direct 6:e417

Cui Y, Jiang N, Xu Z, Xu Q. 2020. Heterotrimeric G protein are involved in the regulation of multiple agronomic traits and stress tolerance in rice. BMC Plant Biology 20:90−102

Seo HS, Kim HY, Jeong JY, Lee SY, Cho MJ, et al. 1995. Molecular cloning and characterization of RGA1 encoding α G protein a subunit from rice (Oryza sativa L. IR-36). Plant Molecular Biology 27:1119−31

Ishikawa A, Tsubouchi H, Iwasaki Y, Asahi T. 1995. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA for the α subunit of a G protein from rice. Plant and Cell Physiology 36:353−59

Izawa Y, Takayanagi Y, Inaba N, Abe Y, Minami M, et al. 2010. Function and expression pattern of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein in rice. Plant and Cell Physiology 51:271−81

Fujisawa Y, Kato T, Ohki S, Ishikawa A, Kitano H, et al. 1999. Suppression of the heterotrimeric G protein causes abnormal morphology, including dwarfism, in rice. PNAS 96:7575−80

Ashikari M, Wu J, Yano M, Sasaki T, Yoshimura A, et al. 1999. Rice gibberellin-insensitive dwarf mutant gene Dwarf 1 encodes the α-subunit of GTP-binding protein. PNAS 96:10284−89

Ma S, Zhong Y, Zheng S, He Y, Yang S, et al. 2023. Rapid identification by resequencing-based QTL mapping of a novel allele RGA1-FH decreasing grain length in a rice restorer line ‘Fuhui212’. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24:10746−55

Miura K, Agetsuma M, Kitano H, Yoshimura A, Matsuoka M, et al. 2009. A metastable DWARF1 epigenetic mutant affecting plant stature in rice. PNAS 106:11218−23

Peng P, Gao YD, Li Z, Yu YW, Qin H, et al. 2019. A dwarfing mutant caused by deactivation function of alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein in rice. International Journal of Molecular Science 20:167−183

Xu CM, Chen LP, Chen S, Chu G, Wang DY, et al. 2020. Rhizosphere aeration improves nitrogen transformation in soil, and nitrogen absorption and accumulation in rice plants. Rice Science 27:162−74

Sun H, Qian Q, Wu K, Luo J, Wang S, et al. 2014. Heterotrimeric G proteins regulate nitrogen-use efficiency in rice. Nature Genetics 46:652−56

Prasanna JA, Mandal VK, Kumar D, Chakraborty N, Raghuram N. 2023. Nitrate-responsive transcriptome analysis of rice RGA1 mutant reveals the role of G-protein alpha subunit in negative regulation of nitrogen-sensitivity and use efficiency. Plant Cell Reports 42:1987−2010

Zhu Y, Li T, Xu T, Wang J, Wang L, et al. 2020. Leaf width gene LW5/D1 affects plant architecture and yield in rice by regulating nitrogen utilization efficiency. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 157:359−69

Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Fujisawa Y, Kobayashi M, Ashikari M, Iwasaki Y, et al. 2000. Rice dwarf mutant d1, which is defective in the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein, affects gibberellin signal transduction. PNAS 97:11638−43

Wang L, Xu YY, Ma QB, Li D, Xu ZH, et al. 2006. Heterotrimeric G protein α subunit is involved in rice brassinosteroid response. Cell Research 16:916−26

Hu X, Qian Q, Xu T, Zhang Y, Dong G, et al. 2013. The U-Box E3 ubiquitin ligase TUD1 functions with a heterotrimeric Gα subunit to regulate Brassinosteroid-mediated growth in rice. Plos Genetics 9:e1003391

Liu Y, Li T, Jiang Z, Zeng C, He R, et al. 2022. Characterization of a novel weak allele of RGA1/D1 and its potential application in rice breeding. Rice Science 37:522−34

Ishikawa A, Iwasaki Y, Asahi T. 1996. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA for the rβ subunit of a G protein from rice. Plant and Cell Physiology 37:223−28

Gao Y, Gu H, Leburu M, Li X, Wang Y, et al. 2019. The heterotrimeric G protein β subunit RGB1 is required for seedling formation in rice. Rice 12:53−66

Zhang D, Zhang M, Liang J. 2021. RGB1 regulates grain development and starch accumulation through its effect on OsYUC11-mediated auxin biosynthesis in rice endosperm cells. Frontiers in Plant Science 12:585174

Panda D, Mohanty S, Das S, Mishra B, Baig MJ, et al. 2023. Light intensity-mediated auxin homeostasis in spikelets links carbohydrate metabolism enzymes with grain filling rate in rice. Protoplasma 260:1233−51

Sun S, Wang L, Mao H, Shao L, Li X, et al. 2018. A G-protein pathway determines grain size in rice. Nature Communications 9:851−61

Abbas W, Shalmani A, Zhang J, Sun Q, Zhang C, et al. 2024. The GW5-WRKY53-SGW5 module regulates grain size variation in rice. New phytologist 242:2011−25

Utsunomiya Y, Samejima C, Takayanagi Y, Izawa Y, Yoshida T, et al. 2011. Suppression of the rice heterotrimeric G protein β-subunit gene, RGB1, causes dwarfism and browning of internodes and lamina joint regions. The Plant Journal 67:907−16

Wang Y, Lin H, Tong X, Hou Y, Chang Y, et al. 2017. DNA demethylation activates genes in seed maternal integument development in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 120:169−78

Wu Q, Xu F, Liu L, Char SN, Ding Y, et al. 2020. The maize heterotrimeric G protein β subunit controls shoot meristem development and immune responses. PNAS 117:1799−805

Zhang K, Zhang H, Pan Y, Niu Y, Guo L, et al. 2022. Cell- and noncell-autonomous AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 controls meristem proliferation and phyllotactic patterns. Plant Physiology 190:2335−49

Xu R, Li N, Li Y. 2019. Control of grain size by G protein signaling in rice. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 61:533−40

Tao Y, Miao J, Wang J, Li W, Xu Y, et al. 2020. RGG1, involved in the cytokinin regulatory pathway, controls grain size in rice. Rice 13:76

Miao J, Yang Z, Zhang D, Wang Y, Xu M, et al. 2019. Mutation of RGG2, which encodes a type B heterotrimeric G protein γ subunit, increases grain size and yield production in rice. Plant Biotechnology Journal 17:650−64

Kong FN, Wang JY, Zou JC, Shi LX, Jin MD, et al. 2007. Molecular tagging and mapping of the erect panicle gene in rice. Molecular Breeding 19:297−304

Wang J, Nakazaki T, Chen S, Chen W, Saito H, et al. 2009. Identification and characterization of the erect-pose panicle gene EP conferring high grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 119:85−91

Chen S, Tang L, Sun J, Xu Q, Xu Z, et al. 2021. Contribution and prospect of erect panicle type to japonica super rice. Rice Science 28:431−41

Huang X, Qian Q, Liu Z, Sun H, He S, et al. 2009. Natural variation at the DEP1 locus enhances grain yield in rice. Nature Genetics 41:494−97

Zhao M, Sun J, Xiao Z, Cheng F, Xu H, et al. 2016. Variations in DENSE AND ERECT PANICLE 1 (DEP1) contribute to the diversity of the panicle trait in high-yielding japonica rice varieties in northern China. Breeding Science 66:599−605

Li X, Tao Q, Miao J, Yang Z, Gu M. et al. 2019. Evaluation of differential qPE9-1/DEP1 protein domains in rice grain length and weight variation. Rice 12:5

Zhang DP, Zhang MY, Zhou Y, Wang YZ, Shen JY. et al. 2019. The rice G protein γ subunit DEP1/qPE9–1 positively regulates grain-filling process by increasing Auxin and cytokinin content in rice grains. Rice 12:91

Liu Q, Han R, Wu K, Zhang J, Ye Y, et al. 2018. G-protein βγ subunits determine grain size through interaction with MADS-domain transcription factors in rice. Nature Communications 9:852

Lu Z, Yu H, Xiong G, Wang J, Jiao Y, et al. 2013. Genome-wide binding analysis of the transcription activator IDEAL PLANT ARCHITECTURE1 reveals a complex network regulating rice plant architecture. The Plant Cell 25:3743−59

Wang S, Li S, Liu Q, Wu K, Zhang J, et al. 2015. The OsSPL16-GW7 regulatory module determines grain shape and simultaneously improves rice yield and grain quality. Nature Genetics 47:949−954

Wu Y, Zhao Y, Yu J, Wu C, Wang Q, et al. 2023. Heterotrimeric G protein γ subunit DEP1 synergistically regulates grain quality and yield by modulating the TTP (TON1-TRM-PP2A) complex in rice. Journal of Genetics and Genomics 50:528−531

Wang Y, Lv Y, Yu H, Hu P, Wen Y, et al. 2024. GR5 acts in the G protein pathway to regulate grain size in rice. Plant Communications 18:100673

Xu Q, Liu T, Bi W, Wang Y, Xu H, et al. 2015. Different effects of DEP1 on vascular bundle- and panicle-related traits under indica and japonica genetic backgrounds. Molecular Breeding 35:173

Huang LY, Li XX, Zhang YB, Fahad S, Wang F. 2022. dep1 improves rice grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency simultaneously by enhancing nitrogen and dry matter translocation. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 21:3185−98

Zhao M, Zhao M, Gu S, Sun J, Ma Z, et al. 2019. DEP1 is involved in regulating the carbon–nitrogen metabolic balance to affect grain yield and quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PloS One 14:e0213504

Yi X, Zhang Z, Zeng S, Tian C, Peng J, et al. 2011. Introgression of qPE9-1 allele, conferring the panicle erectness, leads to the decrease of grain yield per plant in japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of genetics and genimics 38:217−23

Xu X, Xu Z, Matsue Y, Xu Q, et al. 2019. Effects of genetic background and environmental conditions on texture properties in a recombinant inbred population of an inter-subspecies cross. Rice 12:32

Zhou Y, Zhu J, Li Z, Yi C, Liu J, et al. 2009. Deletion in a quantitative trait gene qPE9-1 associated with panicle erectness improves plant architecture during rice domestication. Genetics 183:315−24

Fan C, Xing Y, Mao H, Lu T, Han B, et al. 2006. GS3, a major QTL for grain length and weight and minor QTL for grain width and thickness in rice, encodes a putative transmembrane protein. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112:1164−71

Mao H, Sun S, Yao J, Wang C, Yu S, et al. 2010. Linking differential domain functions of the GS3 protein to natural variation of grain size in rice. PNAS 107:19579−84

Fan C, Yu S, Wang C, Xing Y, et al. 2009. A causal C–A mutation in the second exon of GS3 highly associated with rice grain length and validated as a functional marker. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 118:465−72

Takano-Kai N, Jiang H, Kubo T, Sweeney M, Matsumoto T, et al. 2009. Evolutionary history of GS3, a gene conferring grain length in rice. Genetics 182:1323−34

Zhang J, Zhang D, Fan Y, Li C, Xu P, et al. 2021. The identification of grain size genes by RapMap reveals directional selection during rice domestication. Nature Communications 12:5673

Zhang H, Yu F, Xie P, Sun S, Qiao X, et al. 2023. A Gγ protein regulates alkaline sensitivity in crops. Science 379:eade8416

Yang W, Wu K, Wang B, Liu H, Guo S, et al. 2021. The RING E3 ligase CLG1 targets GS3 for degradation via the endosome pathway to determine grain size in rice. Molecular Plant 14:1699−713

Yan S, Zou G, Li S, Wang H, Liu H, et al. 2011. Seed size is determined by the combinations of the genes controlling different seed characteristics in rice. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 123:1173−81

Gao X, Zhang X, Lan H, Huang J, Wang J, et al. 2015. The additive effects of GS3 and qGL3 on rice grain length regulation revealed by genetic and transcriptome comparisons. BMC Plant Biology 15:156

Kim TW, Guan S, Sun Y, Deng Z, Tang W, et al. 2009. Brassinosteroid signal transduction from cell-surface receptor kinases to nuclear transcription factors. Nature Cell Biology 11:1254−60

Planas-Riverola A, Gupta A, Betegón-Putze I, Bosch N, Ibañes M, et al. 2019. Brassinosteroid signaling in plant development and adaptation to stress. Development 146:dev151894

Zhang Y, Liu J, Xia X, He Z. 2014. TaGS-D1, an ortholog of rice OsGS3, is associated with grain weight and grain length in common wheat. Molecular Breeding 34:1094−107

Yang J, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Hu W, Wu Q, et al. 2019. Cloning, characterization of TaGS3 and identification of allelic variation associated with kernel traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC Genetics 20:98

Li Q, Yang X, Bai G, Warburton LM, Mahuku G, et al. 2010. Cloning and characterization of a putative GS3 ortholog involved in maize kernel development. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 120:753−63

Xie P, Tang S, Chen C, Zhang H, Yu F, et al. 2022. Natural variation in Glume Coverage 1 causes naked grains in sorghum. Nature Communications 13:1068

Li S, Liu Y, Zheng L, Chen L, Li N, et al. 2012. The plant-specific G protein γ subunit AGG3 influences organ size and shape in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytologist 194:690−703

Liu L, Zhou Y, Mao F, Gu Y, Tang Z, et al. 2022. Fine-tuning of the grain size by alternative splicing of GS3 in rice. Rice 15:4

Kwon Y, Lee JY, Choi J, Lee SM, Kim D, et al. 2023. Loss-of-function gs3 allele decreases methane emissions and increases grain yield in rice. Nature Climate Change 13:1329−33

Steffens B, Sauter M. 2009. Heterotrimeric G protein signaling is required for epidermal cell death in rice. Plant Physiology 151:732−40

Pathak RR, Mandal VK, Jangam AP, Sharma N, Madan B, et al. 2021. Heterotrimeric G-protein α subunit (RGA1) regulates tiller development, yield, cell wall, nitrogen response and biotic stress in rice. Scientific Reports 11:2323

Ferrero-Serrano Á, Assmann SM. 2016. The α-subunit of the rice heterotrimeric G protein, RGA1, regulates drought tolerance during the vegetative phase in the dwarf rice mutant d1. Journal of Experimental Botany 67:3433−43

Feng B, Xu Y, Fu W, Li H, Li G, et al. 2023. RGA1 negatively regulates thermo-tolerance by affecting carbohydrate metabolism and the energy supply in rice. Rice 16:32

Yadav DK, Shukla D, Tuteja N. 2014. Isolation, in silico characterization, localization and expression analysis of abiotic stress-responsive rice G-protein β subunit (RGB1). Plant Signaling & Behavior 9:e28890

Zhang DP, Zhou Y, Yin JF, Yan XJ, Lin S, et al. 2015. Rice G-protein subunits qPE9-1 and RGB1 play distinct roles in abscisic acid responses and drought adaptation. Journal of Experimental Botany 66:6371−84

Biswas S, Islam MN, Sarker S, Tuteja N, Seraj ZI. 2019. Overexpression of heterotrimeric G protein beta subunit gene (OsRGB1) confers both heat and salinity stress tolerance in rice. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 144:334−44

Swain DM, Sahoo RK, Chandan RK, Ghosh S, Kumar R, et al. 2019. Concurrent overexpression of rice G-protein β and γ subunits provide enhanced tolerance to sheath blight disease and abiotic stress in rice. Planta 250:1505−20

Chen Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Li G, et al. 2021. Heterotrimeric G protein γ subunit DEP1 is involved in hydrogen peroxide signaling and promotes aerenchyma formation in rice roots. Plant Signaling & Behavior 16:1889251

Liu JM, Mei Q, Xue CY, Wang ZY, Li PD, et al. 2021. Mutation of G-protein γ subunit DEP1 increases planting density and resistance to sheath blight disease in rice. Plant Biotechnology Journal 19:418−20

Kunihiro S, Saito T, Matsuda T, Inoue M, Kuramata M, et al. 2013. Rice DEP1, encoding a highly cysteine-rich G protein γ subunit, confers cadmium tolerance on yeast cells and plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 64:4517−27

Wang P, Zhou GL, Yu HH, Yu SB. 2011. Fine mapping a major QTL for flag leaf size and yield-related traits in rice. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 123:1319−30

Takano-Kai N, Doi K, Yoshimura A. 2011. GS3 participates in stigma exsertion as well as seed length in rice. Breeding Science 61:244−50

Kan Y, Mu XR, Zhang H, Gao J, Shan JX, et al. 2022. TT2 controls rice thermotolerance through SCT1-dependent alteration of wax biosynthesis. Nature Plants 8:53−67

Shen Y, Yang G, Miao X, Shi Z. 2023. OsmiR159 modulate BPH resistance through regulating G-protein γ subunit GS3 gene in Rice. Rice 16:30

Huang L, Li Q, Zhang C, Chu R, Gu Z, et al. 2020. Creating novel Wx alleles with fine-tuned amylose levels and improved grain quality in rice by promoter editing using CRISPR/Cas9 system. Plant Biotechnology Journal 18:2164−66

Wang Z, Wei K, Xiong M, Wang JD, Zhang CQ, et al. 2021. Glucan, Water-Dikinase 1 (GWD1), an ideal biotechnological target for potential improving yield and quality in rice. Plant Biotechnology Journal 19:2606−18

Li C, Li W, Zhou Z, Chen H, Xie C, et al. 2020. A new rice breeding method: CRISPR/Cas9 system editing of the Xa13 promoter to cultivate transgene-free bacterial blight-resistant rice. Plant Biotechnology Journal 18:313−15

Ma M, Wang W, Fei Y, Cheng H, Song B, et al. 2022. A surface-receptor-coupled G protein regulates plant immunity through nuclear protein kinases. Cell Host & Microbe 30:1602−1614.E5

Oka M, Yoneda Y. 2018. Importin α: functions as a nuclear transport factor and beyond. Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences 94:259−74