[1]

El Deghel N, Rapinski M, Duboz P, Raymond R, Davy D, et al. 2025. Persistent organic pollutants in food systems: a comparative study across four contrasting socio-ecosystems: Portugal, Senegal, French Guiana, and Guadeloupe. Food Chemistry 493:145766

doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145766
[2]

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). 2018. Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in feed and food. www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4124
[3]

Liu G, Zheng M, Cai M, Nie Z, Zhang B, et al. 2013. Atmospheric emission of polychlorinated biphenyls from multiple industrial thermal processes. Chemosphere 90:2453−2460

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.008
[4]

Dong S, Wu J, Liu G, Zhang B, Zheng M. 2011. Unintentionally produced dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls during cooking. Food Control 22:1797−1802

doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.04.022
[5]

Sunya S, Yenuthok A, Paengphua P, Sangsuay S. 2023. Estimation of dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls from the Thai total diet study in 2019. Food and Chemical Toxicology 182:114154

doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114154
[6]

Sun S, Cao R, Lu X, Zhang Y, Gao Y, et al. 2021. Levels and patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in foodstuffs of animal origin from Chinese markets and implications of dietary exposure. Environmental Pollution 273:116344

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116344
[7]

Stadion M, Hackethal C, Blume K, Wobst B, Abraham K, et al. 2022. The first German total diet study (BfR MEAL Study) confirms highest levels of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in foods of animal origin. Food Chemistry: X 16:100459

doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100459
[8]

Squadrone S, Brizio P, Nespoli R, Stella C, Abete MC. 2015. Human dietary exposure and levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) in free-range eggs close to a secondary aluminum smelter, Northern Italy. Environmental Pollution 206:429−436

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.048
[9]

Stadion M, Blume K, Hackethal C, Lüth A, Schumacher DM, et al. 2024. Germany's first Total Diet Study - Occurrence of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in foods. Food Chemistry: X 22:101274

doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101274
[10]

Zheng W, Zhao H, Liu Q, Crabbe MJC, Qu W. 2022. Spatial-temporal distribution, cancer risk, and disease burden attributed to the dietary dioxins exposure of Chinese residents. Science of the Total Environment 832:154851

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154851
[11]

Sun S, Cao R, Jin J, Zhang Y, Gao Y, et al. 2021. Accumulation characteristics and estimated dietary intakes of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in plant-origin foodstuffs from Chinese markets. Science of the Total Environment 775:145830

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145830
[12]

Arshad M, Asmatullah, Shafiq Ahmed M, Shafiq ahmed K, Makhdoom Hussain S, et al. 2022. Monitoring of level of mean concentration and toxicity equivalence (TEQ) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in selected vegetables, beans and grains in khanewal and Multan, Pakistan. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 29:2787−2793

doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.009
[13]

Wang Y, Wu X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Dong S, et al. 2022. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in green tea from 11 Chinese provinces and their migration from packaging. Journal of Hazardous Materials 427:128192

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128192
[14]

Wang Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wu X, Zou Y, et al. 2022. Concentration and risk assessment of PCNs in green tea in different locations in China. Science of The Total Environment 847:157587

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157587
[15]

Wang X, Dong S, Zhu Q, Wu X, Zhou W, et al. 2024. Nationwide investigation on organophosphate flame retardants in tea from china: migration from packaging materials and implications for global risk assessment. Environmental Science & Technology 58:14786−14796

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02424
[16]

Barone G, Giacominelli-Stuffler R, Storelli MM. 2016. Evaluation of trace metal and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in tea brands of different origin commercialized in Italy. Food and Chemical Toxicology 87:113−119

doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.12.008
[17]

National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2024. China Statistical Yearbook. www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/2024/indexch.htm
[18]

Li X, Dong S, Wang P, Su X, Fu J. 2019. Polychlorinated biphenyls are still alarming persistent organic pollutants in marine-origin animal feed (fishmeal). Chemosphere 233:355−362

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.250
[19]

Van den Berg M, Birnbaum LS, Denison M, De Vito M, Farland W, et al. 2006. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicological Sciences 93:223−241

doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl055
[20]

DeVito M, Bokkers B, van Duursen MBM, van Ede K, Feeley M, et al. 2024. The 2022 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for polychlorinated dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 146:105525

doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105525
[21]

Gao G, Chen H, Dai J, Jin L, Chai Y, et al. 2020. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in tea using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with dispersive solid phase extraction. Food Chemistry 316:126290

doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126290
[22]

Shen H, Guan R, Ding G, Chen Q, Lou X, et al. 2017. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Zhejiang foods (2006-2015): market basket and polluted areas. Science of the Total Environment 574:120−127

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.038
[23]

Shin ES, Nguyen KH, Kim J, Kim CI, Chang YS. 2015. Progressive risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls through a Total Diet Study in the Korean population. Environmental Pollution 207:403−412

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.051
[24]

Li Q, Xiao P, Shen D, Huang Y, Shi X, et al. 2023. Level and risk assessment of selected polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organochlorine pesticides in walnut and soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 30:14849−14859

doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-23158-7
[25]

Klees M, Hombrecher K, Gladtke D. 2017. Polychlorinated biphenyls in the surrounding of an e-waste recycling facility in North-Rhine Westphalia: levels in plants and dusts, spatial distribution, homologue pattern and source identification using the combination of plants and wind direction data. Science of the Total Environment 603−604:606−615

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.079
[26]

Iwegbue CMA, Afolabi LO, Reuben-Okoye M, Ogwu IF, Odali EW, et al. 2025. Polychlorinated biphenyls and their associated health risk in the global fish trade in Nigeria. Food Control 178:111447

doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111447
[27]

Zhang LN, Peng PA, Li HR, Liu MY, Hu JF. 2024. Halogenated aromatic pollutants in routine animal-derived food of south China: occurrence, sources, and dietary intake risks. Environmental Pollution 350:124002

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124002
[28]

Ceci R, D'Antonio S, De Benedictis A, Di Bernardo G, Fernandes AR, et al. 2026. Chlorinated and brominated contaminants in Italian chicken eggs from different housing systems. Food Control 183:111943

doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111943
[29]

Lupton SJ, Ochoa C, Domesle A, Duverna R. 2022. Survey of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and non-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls in U. S. meat, poultry, and siluriform fish from 2018-2019: toxic equivalency levels, temporal trends, and implications. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 39:560−571

doi: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2022769
[30]

Cheng R, Sun J, Liu ZT, Wu W, Song M, et al. 2024. Kelp as a biomonitor of persistent organic pollutants in coastal areas of China: contamination levels and human health risk. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 272:116021

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116021
[31]

Cui S, Hough R, Fu Q, Qi X, Liu D, et al. 2019. Concentrations and uptake pathways of polychlorinated biphenyls from soil to grass. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 182:109428

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109428
[32]

Barone G, Storelli A, Garofalo R, Mallamaci R, Quaglia NC, et al. 2018. PCBs and PCDD/Fs in bluefin tuna: occurrence and dietary intake. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15:911

doi: 10.3390/ijerph15050911
[33]

Ge J, Liu M, Yun X, Yang Y, Zhang M, et al. 2014. Occurrence, distribution and seasonal variations of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface waters of the East Lake, China. Chemosphere 103:256−262

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.014
[34]

Bravo MA, Gonzalez L A, Valverde OB, Quiroz V W, Toledo-Neira C. 2019. Evaluation of three-way fluorescence data-based for simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea infusion samples at sub-ppb levels by second-order multivariate calibration. Microchemical Journal 151:104208

doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104208
[35]

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). 2015. Scientific statement on the health-based guidance values for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs. EFSA Journal 13(5):4124

doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4124
[36]

JEFCA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). 2001. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: fifty-seventh report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 909:139−146