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ARTICLE   Open Access    

Addition to Microascales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota): Synnematotriadelphiaceae fam. nov., Triadelphia mukdahanensis sp. nov. (Triadelphiaceae) and the validation of Graphiaceae

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  • A new species, Triadelphia mukdahanensis from northeastern Thailand, is introduced based on morphology and multi-gene phylogeny of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, and RPB2 sequence datasets. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that T. mukdahanensis is closely related to T. heterospora with high bootstrap support. However, T. mukdahanensis is distinct from T. heterospora and other exist species in conidial characteristics. In addition, the present study clarifies the current taxonomic placement of the genus Synnematotriadelphia based on phylogenetic analyses. The result shows that Synnematotriadelphia forms a distinct lineage in the clade comprising Triadelphiaceae and Graphiaceae. Therefore, a new family, Synnematotriadelphiaceae, is introduced to accommodate this distinct lineage and Graphiaceae is also validated herein.
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  • Cite this article

    Mapook A, Hyde KD, Huanraluek N, Boonmee S. 2023. Addition to Microascales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota): Synnematotriadelphiaceae fam. nov., Triadelphia mukdahanensis sp. nov. (Triadelphiaceae) and the validation of Graphiaceae. Studies in Fungi 8:10 doi: 10.48130/SIF-2023-0010
    Mapook A, Hyde KD, Huanraluek N, Boonmee S. 2023. Addition to Microascales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota): Synnematotriadelphiaceae fam. nov., Triadelphia mukdahanensis sp. nov. (Triadelphiaceae) and the validation of Graphiaceae. Studies in Fungi 8:10 doi: 10.48130/SIF-2023-0010

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ARTICLE   Open Access    

Addition to Microascales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota): Synnematotriadelphiaceae fam. nov., Triadelphia mukdahanensis sp. nov. (Triadelphiaceae) and the validation of Graphiaceae

Studies in Fungi  8 Article number: 10  (2023)  |  Cite this article

Abstract: A new species, Triadelphia mukdahanensis from northeastern Thailand, is introduced based on morphology and multi-gene phylogeny of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, and RPB2 sequence datasets. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that T. mukdahanensis is closely related to T. heterospora with high bootstrap support. However, T. mukdahanensis is distinct from T. heterospora and other exist species in conidial characteristics. In addition, the present study clarifies the current taxonomic placement of the genus Synnematotriadelphia based on phylogenetic analyses. The result shows that Synnematotriadelphia forms a distinct lineage in the clade comprising Triadelphiaceae and Graphiaceae. Therefore, a new family, Synnematotriadelphiaceae, is introduced to accommodate this distinct lineage and Graphiaceae is also validated herein.

    • Microascales was introduced by Benny & Kimbrough[1]. Currently, seven families, Ceratocystidaceae, Chadefaudiellaceae, Gondwanamycetaceae, Graphiaceae, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae, and Triadelphiaceae are accepted in the order[25].

      Graphiaceae was previously published by de Beer et al.[6] with nine accepted Graphium species. However, the family is currently recorded as 'Nom. inval., Art. F.5.1 (Shenzhen)' with Editorial comment as 'An identifier issued by a recognized repository was not cited in the protologue'' based on Index Fungorum[7].

      Triadelphiaceae was introduced to accommodate a monotypic genus Triadelphia[8]. The family is characterized by hyphomycetous, holoblastic, monoblastic, fusiform to cylindrical or clavate, hyaline to pale brown conidiogenous cells, acrogenous with one to five different forms of conidia[810]. Chuaseeharonnachai et al.[2] introduced Triadelphia hexaformispora, a new species from a freshwater habitat in northern Thailand and a new genus Synnematotriadelphia, to accommodate two synnematous Triadelphia species, T. stilboidea and T. synnematofera under the new genus name, based on both morphology and molecular data.

      Currently, 20 epithets are listed in Triadelphia[7], being mostly reported from terrestrial habitats. Triadelphia fusiformis, T. heterospora, T. hexaformispora and T. morgoensis have been reported from freshwater habitats[2,8]. In this study, a new Triadelphia species was collected from terrestrial decaying wood and is introduced based on both morphological characteristics and multi-gene analyses. Morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided. The current taxonomic placement of Microascales is also clarified. In addition, a new family, Synnematotriadelphiaceae is introduced and Graphiaceae is validated herein.

    • Fresh samples were collected from decaying wood in a terrestrial habitat in Mukdahan Province, Thailand. The samples were processed following the methodology as described by Boonmee et al.[11]. A Carl Zeiss GmbH stereo microscope (SteREO Discovery. V12, Germany) fitted with an AxioCam 105 color camera was used for image capture. Fungal micromorphology was examined using a Leica EZ4 Series stereomicroscope and photographed with a Nikon ECLIPSE 80i compound microscope (Nikon, Japan) fitted with a NikonDS-Ri2 digital camera (Nikon, Japan). Measurements of microscopic characters were calculated using the Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work (IFW) software version 0.97 and a photoplate was made using Adobe Photoshop CS6 version 13.1.2. software (Adobe Systems, USA).

      Single spore isolations were obtained following the methodology as described by Senanayake et al.[12]. Germinating spores were aseptically transferred to fresh malt extract agar plates (MEA: 33.6 g/l sterile distilled water, Difco malt extract) and incubated at 25 °C. Cultures were incubated for 28 d and morphological characters, such as colour, colony shape, and texture were recorded. Type materials were deposited in the Herbarium of Mae Fah Luang University (Herb. MFLU), Chiang Rai, Thailand and Ex-type living cultures were deposited at Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection (MFLUCC). Faces of fungi and Index Fungorum numbers were obtained as described in Jayasiri et al.[13] and Index Fungorum[7].

    • Genomic DNA was extracted from fungal mycelium using PureLink™ Quick Gel Extraction and PCR Purification Kit (Invitrogen by Thermo Fisher Scientific) following the manufacturer's instructions. Five gene regions were amplified with primer pairs as following: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region with primer pairs ITS5 and ITS4[14], the large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU) with primer pairs LROR and LR5[15], the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU) with primer pairs NS1 and NS4[14] and the partial RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) with primer pairs fRPB2-5F and fRPB2-7cR[16].

      The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thermal cycle program for ITS, LSU and SSU amplification were initially 94 °C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 55 °C for 50 s, elongation at 72 °C for 1.30 min and final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR thermal cycle program for RPB2 was initially 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 1 min, annealing at 52 °C for 1 min, elongation at 72 °C for 1.30 min and final extension 72 °C for 10 min. The quality of amplified PCR products was checked on 0.85% agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR products were sent for sequencing at Macrogen Inc. (Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Korea).

    • Phylogenetic analysis of the combined aligned dataset of ITS, LSU, SSU, and RPB2 sequence data was analyzed based on maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) following the methodology as described by Mapook et al.[17]. The sequence data of closest relative strains were selected and downloaded from GenBank based on the latest treatment and updated accounts of Microascales with updated accounts of the genus Triadelphia from recent relevant literature[2,8,10]. The sequences used for analyses with GenBank accession numbers are given in Table 1. Phylogenetic trees were drawn using FigTree 1.4.2[18] and edited by Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2019 and Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Adobe Systems, USA). The new nucleotide sequence data is deposited in GenBank.

      Table 1.  Taxa used in this study and their GenBank accession numbers. New sequences are in bold.

      TaxaStrain no.1GenBank accession numbers2
      ITSLSUSSURPB2
      Acaulium albonigrescensCBS 109.69KY852469KY852480
      Ambrosiella xyleboriCBS 110.61EU984294AY858659
      Ceratocystis fagacearumCMW 2656KM495341
      Corollospora marinaAFTOL-ID 5008AY762985FJ176843
      Corollospora ramulosaPP1232AF491276
      Falcocladium multivesiculatumCBS 120386TEU040217JF831932JF831928
      Falcocladium sphaeropedunculatumCBS 111292TJF831938JF831933JF831929
      Faurelina elongataCBS 126.78GU291802DQ368625DQ368657DQ368639
      Faurelina fimigenaCBS 352.78TMH861149
      Graphium fimbriasporumCMW 5605TNR_155108NG_067529NG_064882
      Graphium fimbriisporumCMW 5606AY148180AY148172
      Graphium laricisCMW 5601TAY148183NG_064370AY148162
      Graphium penicillioidesCBS 102632TKY852474NG_067324
      Graphium pseudormiticumCMW 503TNR_136962NG_064371NG_064881
      Knoxdaviesia capensisAFTOL-ID 1907FJ176888FJ176834
      Knoxdaviesia proteaeCBS 486.88TAY372072AF221011AY271804
      Knoxdaviesia serotectaCBS 129738TMH865536MH876970
      Knoxdaviesia ubusiCBS 129742TMH865540KM495395
      Knoxdaviesia wingfieldiiCBS 132470TNR_111723NG_042656
      Microascus longirostrisAFTOL-ID 1237DQ471026
      Nimbospora effusaJKI 5104AU46892U46877DQ836887
      Parascedosporium tectonaeCBS 127.84TMH861707EF151332U43907
      Pseudoscopulariopsis schumacheriCBS 435.86TLM652455AF400874
      Synnematotriadelphia stilboideaCBS 101294MF434783MF434793MF434811MF434802
      Synnematotriadelphia stilboideaCBS 221.85TMF434781MF434792MF434810MF434801
      Triadelphia disseminataCBS 138592TMF434784MF434788MF434806MF434797
      Triadelphia diversaCBS 113.90TMF434782MF434790MF434808MF434799
      Triadelphia fusiformisMFLUCC 16-0231TMH777097MH777098
      Triadelphia heterosporaCBS 222.83TMF434779MF434789MF434807MF434798
      Triadelphia hexaformisporaTBRC 9288TMK588842MK588850MK588840MK578528
      Triadelphia loudetiaeCBS 589.77TMF434776MF434785MF434803MF434794
      Triadelphia moubasheriAUMC 10746TKY611849
      Triadelphia mukdahanensisMFLUCC 23-0049 TOQ871494OQ871495OQ883648OQ871561
      Triadelphia pulvinataCBS 590.77TMF434777MF434786MF434804MF434795
      Triadelphia pulvinataCBS 744.84MF434780MF434787MF434805MF434796
      Triadelphia romanicaCBS 162.79TMF434778MF434791MF434809MF434800
      Wardomyces anomalusCBS 299.61LN850992LN851044
      1 AFTOL-ID: Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life; AUMC: Assiut University Mycological Centre; CBS: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CMW: Collection of the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, South Africa; JKI: Culture collection of the Julius Kühn-Institute, Siebeldingen, Germany; MFLUCC: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chiang Rai, Thailand; TBRC: Thailand Bioresource Research Center; T: ex-type isolates. 2 ITS: internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 including 5.8S nrRNA gene; LSU: 28S large subunit of the nrRNA gene; SSU: 18S small subunit of the nrRNA gene; RPB2: partial RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene.
    • The combined dataset of ITS, LSU, SSU, and RPB2 sequence data including our new strain were analyzed by maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses. The combined sequence alignment is comprised of 37 taxa (3,520 characters with gaps) with Falcocladium sphaeropedunculatum (CBS 111292) and F. multivesiculatum (CBS 120386) as outgroup taxa. A best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of −20,343.554289 is presented in Fig. 1. The matrix had 1,454 distinct alignment patterns, with 40.85% of undetermined characters. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.249759, C = 0.237431, G = 0.277058, T = 0.235751; substitution rates: AC = 1.533582, AG = 3.298266, AT = 1.550122, CG = 1.111961, CT = 6.988888, GT = 1.000000; gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.206975. In a BLASTn search of NCBI GenBank, the closest matches of the closest matches of the LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence of Triadelphia mukdahanensis (MFLUCC 23-0049, ex-holotype) is T. heterospora (strain CBS 222.83) with 98.15% (MF434789), 99.85% (NG_067662), and 92.02% (MF434798) similarity, in respectively, while the closest matches of the ITS sequence with 91.86% similarity, was T. loudetiae (strain CBS 589.77, MF434776). Based on the phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis (Fig. 1) shows that our strain is closely related to T. heterospora with high bootstrap support (97% ML and 1.00 BYPP) and clustered with T. loudetiae. Interestingly, two Synnematotriadelphia stilboidea strains which introduced by Chuaseeharonnachai et al.[2] form a well-supported separate clade with Triadelphiaceae and Graphiaceae, with high bootstrap support (99% ML and 1.00 BYPP).

      Figure 1. 

      Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on combined dataset of ITS, LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data of Microascales group. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood (ML) equal to or greater than 75% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) equal to or greater than 0.90 are given above the nodes. A newly generated sequence and a newly introduced family are in blue bold. Type species are in bold. The tree is rooted with Falcocladium sphaeropedunculatum (CBS 111292) and F. multivesiculatum (CBS 120386).

    • Graphiaceae Z.W. de Beer, Seifert & M.J. Wingf. ex Mapook, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, fam. nov.

      Index Fungorum number: IF 559717, Faces of fungi number: FoF 01099

      Type genus: Graphium Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 18 (1837)

      Saprobic on plant and wood substrates, occasionally isolated from soil, manure, polluted water, sometimes causing wounds on tree bark or associated with beetles, and fungemia in an immunosuppressed child post stem-cell transplant. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on the natural substrate superficial, Conidiomata synnematous, determinate with pigmented stipes. Conidiophores macronematous, penicillately branches in two to three levels, compact, pigmented, septate with metulae present at the apex. Conidiogenous cells in whorls of two to six, enteroblastic, phialidic, with annellidic extensions. Conidia cylindrical to obovoid, hyaline, aseptate, sometimes slightly curved with age, truncate at base, often with a distinct basal frill, conidial mass produced in a transparent and slimy droplet. Rarely synanamorphic forming obovoid, monoblastic, with pigmented chlamydospore-like conidia (adapted from de Beer et al.[6], Maharachchikumbura et al.[19], Hyde et al.[3]).

      Type species: Graphium penicillioides Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 18 (1837)

      Holotype: CZECH REPUBLIC, Prague, on Populus nigra cv. ilalica, 14 December 1988, PR 155518; a slide from the holotype (DAOM 51800, isotype)

      Epitype: CZECH REPUBLIC, České Budějovice, isolated from wood core of Populus nigra cv. ilalica, 3 September 1998, T. Kirisits, PRM 842988 (JCM 10498 = CBS J02632 = T. Kirisits No.3)

      Morphological description and illustration: see Okada et al.[20] and Hyde et al.[3]

      Notes: Graphiaceae was published by de Beer et al.[6] with nine accepted Graphium species based on morphological description of a type species, G. penicillioides and available DNA sequence data from other know species[2022]. However, because no registration identifier was cited in the protologue, the family name is invalid (Nom. inval., Art. F.5.1)[7]. In this study, Graphiaceae form a distinct family in the clade comprising Triadelphiaceae and Synnematotriadelphiaceae within Microascales (Fig. 1). Therefore, we validate Graphiaceae as a separate family in the order Microascales to accommodate the genus Graphium by providing a registration identifier and presenting the corrected type citations along with references to the original descriptions herein.

      Synnematotriadelphiaceae Mapook & K.D. Hyde, fam. nov.

      Index Fungorum number: IF 559716, Faces of fungi number: FoF 14113

      Type genus: Synnematotriadelphia Chuaseehar., Somrith., Nuankaew & Boonyuen, in Chuaseeharonnachai et al., Mycol. Progr. 19(2): 132 (2020)

      Saprobic on a decayed petiole of a palm. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrata effuse, hairy, developing synnemata or hairy-like structures in synthetic media. Mycelium partly superficial, hyaline to subhyaline, or olivaceous, septate, branched hyphae. Conidiomata synnematous, erect, simple or branched, solitary to gregarious, determinate, cylindrical or clavate, brown to blackish brown; parallel hyphae of synnemata septate, pale brown, with terminal short branches bearing single or fasciculate conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells arising from metulae on the side of synnemata, holoblastic, monoblastic, solitary or aggregated, oblong to clavate, or spherical to subspherical, subhyaline to olivaceous. Conidia pleomorphic, solitary, acrogenous, produced in two or three different conidial forms on synnemata [as conidial type (a), (c) and (e) in Triadelphia], septate with transverse septum or septa, hyaline to pigmented, thin- to thick-walled (adapted from Chuaseeharonnachai et al.[2]).

      Type species: Synnematotriadelphia stilboidea (Mercado & R.F. Castañeda) Chuaseehar., Somrith., Nuankaew & Boonyuen, in Chuaseeharonnachai et al., Mycol. Progr. 19(2): 133 (2020)

      Holotype: CUBA, Havana, Botanical Garden, on dead leaf petiole of Roystonea regia, 20 April 1982, A. Mercado, No. 6865, ex-holotype living culture CBS 221.85.

      Morphological description and illustration: see Chuaseeharonnachai et al.[2]

      Notes: Chuaseeharonnachai et al.[2] introduced a genus Synnematotriadelphia to accommodate two synnematous Triadelphia species (T. stilboidea and T. synnematofera). Two Synnematotriadelphia formed a basal taxa to Triadelphia and were positioned in Triadelphiaceae[2]. In our analyses, Synnematotriadelphiaceae forms a distinct family within Microascales in the clade comprising Triadelphiaceae and Graphiaceae (Fig. 1), with 99% ML and 1.00 BYPP bootstrap support. The three families differ as follows: Triadelphiaceae (type Triadelphia) has sporodochium-like structures, lack of conidiophores, conidia with one to five different forms, while Graphiaceae has synnematous, penicillately branched conidiophores, with cylindrical to obovoid, aseptate, hyaline conidia and Synnematotriadelphiaceae (type Synnematotriadelphia) has synnematous conidiophores with two or three different conidial forms on synnemata [as conidial type (a), (c) and (e) in Triadelphia].

      Triadelphiaceae Y.Z. Lu, J.K. Liu, Z.L. Luo & K.D. Hyde, in Luo et al., Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-019-00438-1, [105] (2019)

      Index Fungorum number: IF 555668, Facesoffungi number: FoF 05449

      Morphological description and illustration: See Luo et al. (2019)

      Type genus: Triadelphia Shearer & J.L. Crane, Mycologia 63(2): 247 (1971)

      Triadelphia mukdahanensis Mapook, Huanraluek, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 2

      Figure 2. 

      Triadelphia mukdahanensis (holotype). (a)–(d) Appearance of colonies on substrate. (e)–(g) Conidiogenous cells and conidia (e and f mounted in 5% KOH). (f)–(k) conidial type (a). (l)–(n) Conidial type (b). (o)–(p) Conidial type (f). (q) Conidial type (a), (b) and (f). Scale bars: a–c = 500 µm, d = 20 µm, e–i, k–n, q = 10 µm. j, o, p = 5 µm.

      Index Fungorum number: IF 900159, Faces of fungi number: FoF 14114

      Etymology: Referring to the location where the specimen was collected, Mukdahan Province, Thailand.

      Holotype: MFLU 23-0071

      Saprobic on decaying wood. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Colonies on the natural substrate superficial, sporodochium-like structures, scattered, thinly diffuse, black. Mycelium partly superficial and partly immersed in the substratum, smooth-walled, with septate hyaline hyphae. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, monoblastic, integrated, borne directly on the mycelium, globose to ampulliform, hyaline to light brown. Conidia solitary, smooth-walled, pleomorphic, forming dark brown to pale olivaceous when mounted in 5% KOH, three different forms (a, b, & f); form (a): (9.5–)18–25 × (3.5–)5–7(–8.5) µm ($\overline \chi $ = 17.5 × 5.5 µm, n = 25), oblong to cylindrical, (1–)2–septate, not constricted at the septum, thick-walled, straight or slightly curved, guttulate, septa covered with dark 1–2 µm bands, the apical and central cells brown to reddish brown, the basal cell light brown to brown; form (b): 20–30 × 7–12 µm ($\overline \chi $ = 26 × 9 µm, n = 25), pyriform to broadly clavate, (1–)2–septate, not constricted at the septum, thick-walled, straight or slightly curved, guttulate, the apical septum covered with dark (4–)5–6(–8.5) µm band, the basal septum covered with dark 1–3 µm band, the apical and central cells brown to dark reddish brown, the basal cell light brown to brown; form (f): 5–9 × 3.5–5 µm ($\overline \chi $ = 7 × 4 µm, n = 10), globose to subglobose, or oval, pale brown to brown, aseptate, guttulate.

      Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on MEA within 24 h at 25 ºC and germ tubes produced from the ends. Colonies on MEA irregular, mycelium slightly raised, undulate, greyish to olivaceous-brown at the surface, dark olivaceous in reverse.

      Material examined: THAILAND, Mukdahan Province, Wat Pa Sanam Thong, Phang Daeng, Dong Luang District, on decaying wood, 24 July 2019, S. Boonmee, (MFLU 23-0071, holotype), ex-type culture MFLUCC 23-0049.

      Notes: Triadelphia mukdahanensis (MFLUCC 23-0049) was collected from a terrestrial habitat. Based on phylogenetic analysis, T. mukdahanensis is closely related to T. heterospora with 97% ML and 1.00 BYPP bootstrap support. Triadelphia mukdahanensis have overlapping size of conidial forms type (a) and (f) with T. heterospora and both lack conidial forms type (c) (Table 2). However, T. mukdahanensis is different from T. heterospora in having three different conidial forms type (a), (b) and (f), lacking of conidial forms type (d) and (e), while T. heterospora has four different conidial forms type (a), (d), (e) and (f) but lacks conidial forms type (b) (Table 2). In addition, a comparison of the ITS (+ 5.8S) gene region of T. mukdahanensis with T. heterospora reveals 33 base pair differences (5.6%) across 591 nucleotides, while RPB2 gene reveals 71 base pair differences (8%) across 890 nucleotides (not include gaps).

      Table 2.  Conidial forms comparison of Triadelphia mukdahanensis and T. heterospora discussed in this study.

      Conidial formsT. mukdahanensis
      (this study)
      T. heterospora
      (Shearer & Crane[23])
      T. heterospora
      (Constantinescu & Samson[24])
      Type (a):
      oblong to cylindrical, brown to dark brown, (1–)2–septate, septum covered with dark band
      (9.5–)18–25 ×
      (3.5–)5–7(–8.5) µm
      (14.7–)16.2–19(–21.2) ×
      3.5–6 µm
      15–23 × 5–8.5 µm
      Type (b):
      pyriform to broadly clavate, or club-shaped, brown to dark brown, (1–)2–septate, the apical septum covered with broad dark bands, the basal cell subhyaline or light brown to brown
      20–30 × 7–12 µm
      Type (c):
      obclavate to acicular with a narrow long tip, hyaline or yellowish brown, multiseptate
      Type (d):
      fusiform, obclavate with acicular tips, or rounded at the tip, multi-septate, end cells pale brown, central cells brown to dark brown, dark band covering over the central septa
      17.6–23.5 × 8.2–10.6 µm17.6–23.5 × 8.2–10.6 µm
      Type (e):
      allantoid or reniform, hyaline or pale yellowish, 0–3-septate
      8.5–15 × 3–5 µm
      Type (f):
      obovate to broadly ellipsoidal, pale brown, unicellular
      5–9 × 3.5–5 µm6–8 × 4–5 µm
    • Triadelphia is mostly found in terrestrial and rarely in freshwater habitats[2,8]. Based on our phylogenetic results, our new strain grouped within Triadelphia and is closely related to T. heterospora. Simultaneously, we compared our new strain with the 20 epithets listed in Index Fungorum[7], and found that our new strain has the most morphological similarity to T. heterospora. Triadelphia heterospora was originally reported with two different conidial forms (a) and (d)[23]. Subsequently, Constantinescu & Samson[24] reported two additional conidial forms (e) and (f). Although our new strain has overlapping size of conidial forms type (a) and (f) with T. heterospora and both are lacking conidial forms type (c), our new strain is different in having three conidial forms type (a), (b) and (f), lacking conidial forms type (d) and (e) while T. heterospora have lacking reported of conidial forms type (b), which is appeared in our new strain. Therefore, we introduced a new species, T. mukdahanensis based on both morphology and phylogeny.

      Interestingly, Synnematotriadelphia strains, which were positioned in Triadelphiaceae in Chuaseeharonnachai et al.[2], form a well-supported separate clade to Triadelphiaceae and Graphiaceae within Microascales, based on combined dataset of ITS, LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data. Therefore, we introduce a new family, Synnematotriadelphiaceae to accommodate two Synnematotriadelphia species (S. stilboidea and S. synnematofera), based on both morphology and phylogeny. Synnematotriadelphiaceae (type Synnematotriadelphia) has synnematous conidiophores with two or three different conidial forms on the synnemata as conidial type (a), (c) and (e) in Triadelphia[2], while Triadelphiaceae (generic type Triadelphia) has sporodochium-like structures, lack of conidiophores with one to five different types of conidial forms[810], and Graphiaceae has synnematous with penicillately branched conidiophores, with cylindrical to obovoid, aseptate, hyaline conidia[3, 6, 19]. This can be indicated that Synnematotriadelphiaceae have shared some characteristics from both Triadelphiaceae and Graphiaceae. However, Graphiaceae, which was introduced by de Beer et al.[6], is recorded as an invalid name in Index Fungorum[7] due to an identifier issued by a recognized repository was not cited in the protologue. In compliance with Article F.5.1[25], Graphiaceae, is registered in Index Fungorum[7] and obtained with a unique number. The family is validated by providing a registration identifier and presenting the corrected type citations along with references to the original descriptions herein.

      • Ausana Mapook would like to thank the Mae Fah Luang University Fund (Grant No. 651A16029), entitled 'Taxonomy, phylogeny, risk assessment, and potential impact of fungi on Siam weed in northern Thailand'. Kevin D. Hyde thanks the Basic Research Fund supported from National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (Grant No. 652A01001), entitled 'Studies of fungi associated with Asteraceae and the discovery of biological properties', Princess Srinagarindra's Centenary Celebrations Foundation (Grant No. 64316001), and National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) grant, entitled 'Total fungal diversity in a given forest area with implications towards species numbers, chemical diversity and biotechnology' (Grant No. N42A650547). He also thanks Chiang Mai University for the award of Visiting Professor. Saranyaphat Boonmee would like to thank the Mae Fah Luang University Fund (Grant No. 631C15001) and Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the Royal Initiation of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn-Mae Fah Luang University.

      • The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

      • Copyright: © 2023 by the author(s). Published by Maximum Academic Press, Fayetteville, GA. This article is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
    Figure (2)  Table (2) References (25)
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    Mapook A, Hyde KD, Huanraluek N, Boonmee S. 2023. Addition to Microascales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota): Synnematotriadelphiaceae fam. nov., Triadelphia mukdahanensis sp. nov. (Triadelphiaceae) and the validation of Graphiaceae. Studies in Fungi 8:10 doi: 10.48130/SIF-2023-0010
    Mapook A, Hyde KD, Huanraluek N, Boonmee S. 2023. Addition to Microascales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota): Synnematotriadelphiaceae fam. nov., Triadelphia mukdahanensis sp. nov. (Triadelphiaceae) and the validation of Graphiaceae. Studies in Fungi 8:10 doi: 10.48130/SIF-2023-0010

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