Effects of the configurations with different organic and inorganic fertilizers on grain yield and its related physiological traits of the main and its ratoon rice crops

Peiying Weng; Songwei Yang; Ziqin Pang; Jinwen Huang; Lihua Shen; Puleng Letuma; Hongfei Chen; Wenxiong Lin; Peiying Weng; Songwei Yang; Ziqin Pang; Jinwen Huang; Lihua Shen; Puleng Letuma; Hongfei Chen; Wenxiong Lin

doi:10.48130/TIA-2023-0002

The determination for properly combined application rate of organic and inorganic fertilizers is the key to coordinating soil nutrient supplies and rice growth demands, thereby obtaining improved economic and ecological returns in rice ratooning. A complete randomized block design (RCBD) trial with different configurations of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers was conducted to determine the optimal substitution rate of organic nitrogen for inorganic nitrogen and its effect on the related physiological attributes and yield performance of the main and ratoon rice crops in 2018−2019. The results showed that 30% organic and 70% inorganic nitrogen in the mixture fertilizer (GM2) could produce the best effect on root activity, nitrogen nutrient uptake and its utilization, as well as the dry matter accumulation and its partitioning. This in turn resulted in improved productive panicles and harvest index, and hence increased grain yield by 10.36% and 15.48% in GM2 regime relative to that in CF treatment. Moreover, the uptake and utilization efficiency, agronomic utilization efficiency and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer were 44.37%, 23.82 kg/kg and 48.97 kg/kg, respectively under the optimal GM2 treatment, which were much higher than those in CF treatment by 12.66%, 5.05% and 13.4%, respectively. The results suggested that properly combined application of organic and chemical nitrogen fertilizer could improve soil nutrient supply to guarantee an efficient plant growth and rational dry matter allocation, thereby increasing the harvest index and grain yield in rice ratooning.

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INTRODUCTION

In contemporary China, accelerated urbanization has prompted a large number of rural populations to migrate to cities, resulting in a shortage of agricultural labor. This conflict inevitably leads to increased agricultural labor cost. Objectively, it has also accelerated the transition of double-cropping rice to single-cropping rice or mid-season rice production, especially in southeastern China. In addition, the poor quality of early rice, weak market competitiveness and low comparative efficiency result in a reduction in rice planting area, which incurs a threat to regional food security^[1]. Therefore, the local governments in southeastern China are adopting a low-stubble mechanized rice ratooning technology in an attempt to deal with this passive situation. The technology for rice ratooning can be used to increase the rice multiple cropping index for coping with insufficient arable land, which is therefore considered to be environmentally friendly, simplified, convenient, labor-saving and highly efficient. Furthermore, ratooning rice can produce a higher grain quality compared with its main crop, and the same is true in the case when it was compared with its counterpart synchronizing in heading time (late season)^[2]. Therefore, in recent years, rice ratooning has been rekindled to develop rapidly in southeast China^{[3, 4]}, and the low left stubble cultivation technology for rice ratooning has been developed, by which the planting areas of ratoon rice are continuously expanding, and the mean yields of ratooning rice was more than 4,500 kg·hm⁻², of which the highest output was 6,750 kg·hm⁻², the total grain yield of the main and ratoon rice crops was more than 15 t·hm⁻², which slightly corresponds with the total yield of double cropping rice^[5]. In recent years, a large number of new rice varieties with high regenerative ability have been developed and released, making the technology scale up quickly^[2]. Noteworthy, the fertilization pattern of low cut stubble was different from that of high cut stubble in rice ratooning^[1]. In the case of rice ratooning under the low stubble height regime, a proper application rate of fertilizer was used to boost root vigor before harvesting the main crop. However, if a high dose of fertilizer application was used, it would inevitably accelerate the spout and elongation of axillary buds in this time. This in turn results in cut damage to the axillary buds after mechanically harvesting the main crop, especially under low cut stubbles. We also found that inappropriate application of bud-promoting fertilizer could also lead to significantly increased greenhouse gases, especially N₂O emission, decreased nitrogen utilization efficiency, and affected rice quality^[6]. Therefore, suitable fertilization management, especially at the late growing stage of the main crop, is the key to determining high yield and good quality of the main crop and ratooning rice from mechanically low cut stubble^[1,4]. Several scholars have documented that under appropriate total nitrogen supplies, a reasonable nitrogen application method for the main crop not only could increase its output, but also has a good carry-over effect on subsequent ratooning rice^[2]. However, the long-run large-scale application of chemical fertilizers often causes soil compaction and acidification, and hence decreases available nutrients and organic matter content, in turn declines nitrogen fertilizer utilization and increases farmland non-point source pollution. Moreover, long-run uses of sole inorganic nitrogen fertilizer not only increase the concern about agricultural environmental problems, but also often boost overgrowth of the main crop in the early growth stage, thus increasing ineffective tillers. Meanwhile, it often results in insufficient nutrient supplies in the later growth period due to the rapid release characteristics of chemical fertilizer, consequently triggering premature senescence and hence declining yield of the main crop, thereby producing negative carry-over effect on the regeneration rate and yield of the regenerated rice. Previous studies mostly focused on farmland productivity, nutrient absorption and soil fertility, but ignored the effects of combined organic-inorganic fertilizer with an appropriate proportion on plant nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency at the grain-filling and ripening stage in the main crop and its carrying-over effect on ratooning rice from low cut stubbles. It therefore has been suggested that properly combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers is a fertilization system for rationally using natural resources to improve soil fertility, and maintain high and stable crop yields based on the quick-acting properties of chemical fertilizers and the better durability of organic fertilizers in the nitrogen mixture supplies^[7−13]. The current research focal point was how to apply this principle as mentioned above to make a reasonable configuration of organic and inorganic fertilizers to improve soil fertility for balancing the physiological demands of the main and its ratooning rice crops in early and late growth stages, and hence to increase nutrient utilization and realize the targets for one planting with two higher harvests in rice ratooning practice. This experiment of combined organic/inorganic fertilizers was conducted using different substitutions of chemical nitrogen with organic nitrogen according to equivalent nitrogen amounts to further study the effects of different combined organic and inorganic fertilizer on the physiological trails and yield performance of the main and ratooning rice crops. This was to clarify the physio-ecological action mode of the organic nitrogen in replacement of inorganic nitrogen, and hence to recommend the most optimal configuration with organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers for providing a scientific basis to establish a cost effective fertilization system with best nutrient efficiency, uniform population, stable and high grain yield for rice ratooning in the southeast China.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental materials and soil nutrient status

A three-line indica hybrid rice cultivar Yongyou 1540, widely popularized in southeast China, was used as the experimental material. The topsoil (0–20 cm layer) of the experimental field had a clay loam texture with the following properties: 5.22 pH, 25.38 g∙kg⁻¹ organic matter, 1.67 g∙kg⁻¹ total nitrogen, 0.73 g∙kg⁻¹ total phosphorus, 7.37 g∙kg⁻¹ alkalin hydrolysis nitrogen, 167.91 mg∙kg⁻¹ total potassium, 19.83 mg∙kg⁻¹ available phosphorus and 101.64 mg∙kg⁻¹ available potassium, respectively. The nutrient content of commercial organic fertilizer was 53.51 g∙kg⁻¹ organic matter, 8.01 g∙kg⁻¹ total nitrogen, 1.57 g∙kg⁻¹ total phosphorus and 1.94 g∙kg⁻¹ total potassium.

Experimental design
The experiment was carried out in the ratooning rice base in Chongluo Township, Jianyang District, N 27°35′4.68″, E 118°21′50.88, Nanping City, Fujian Province, Southeast China from March to November in 2018 and 2019, respectively. In the design of the combination treatment with different proportions of inorganic and organic nitrogen, we applied total nitrogen 225 kg∙hm⁻², and based on actual nitrogen contents in inorganic and organic fertilizers, eight combinations of the organic and inorganic fertilizers were set, namely: no fertilizer (CK) used in the whole season, chemical fertilizer application only (CF), 85% inorganic nitrogen + 15% organic nitrogen (GM₁), 70% inorganic nitrogen + 30% organic nitrogen (GM2), 55% inorganic nitrogen + 45% organic nitrogen (GM3), 40% inorganic nitrogen + 60% organic nitrogen (GM4), 25% inorganic nitrogen + 75% organic nitrogen (GM5), and 100% organic fertilizer (GM6). Moreover, organic nitrogen was applied as basal fertilizer based on the design in each combined nitrogen fertilizer treatment, and the chemical nitrogen fertilizer was applied as topdressing at the ratios of 3:1:1:4 at transplanting, early tillering, middle tillering and panicle formation stages of the main crop. Fertilizer application at tillering stage of the main crop was split into two time points, 7 d after transplanting (early tillering stage) and 15 d after transplanting (middle tillering stage). The same application rate of fertilizers for ratooning rice was applied in the second cropping season. The amounts of total nitrogen applied in chemical fertilizers were 187.5 kg∙hm⁻², of which 10% nitrogen fertilizer for root-vigor preserving and bud survival promoting was applied at 25 d after the fully heading stage of the main crop (Yongyou154, hybrid rice), and the rest of the nitrogen fertilizer was used twice for bud and tillering promotion at 3 and 9 d after the main crop was harvested. The application ratio of the two time fertilizer amounts was 1:1. The ratios of N : P₅O₂: K₂O were kept at 1:0.8:1 in the second season for ratooning rice. The area of each experimental plot was 100 m², and the plots were arranged in completely randomized block design (RCBD) with three repeats. Each plot was isolated by a ridge covered with black waterproof mulch film. The height of the ridge was 40 cm and the width is 50 cm, and irrigation and drainage of each plot were independent. In 2018, the seedlings of the main season rice crop were raised on March 12, transplanted on April 14, fully headed on July 21, and matured on August 15; the ratooning season rice fully headed on September 23 and matured on October 26. In addition, in 2019, the same experiment and tests were carried out in the same plot as that in the previous year, i.e., the main season rice crop was sown on March 15, transplanted on April 10, fully headed on July 24, and matured on August 21, and its ratooning season rice fully headed on October 1 and matured on November 3, 2019. Rice transplanting and its harvest were conducted by combining the planting density of 30 cm × 17 cm, and 2−4 plants per hill. The cutting height of the main crop was 25 cm.

Determination items and methods

Root activity of rice plants
The sap amounts of rice plants were collected at the active tillering stage (AT)，booting (BS), fully heading stage (HS), the day close to the stage fertilizing for root-vigor preserving and bud promoting (CS), and ripening stages (RS) of the main season crop, as well as fully heading (RHS) and ripening stages (RRS) of ratooning season rice by using the cotton absorption method described by Huang et al.^[5]. Briefly, approximately 15 g absorbent cottons were placed in a ziplock bag, then marked and weighed and recorded as W₁. Three representative uniform plants with the same number of tillers or effective panicles were randomly selected and sampled in each treatment, and the number of tillers per hill were recorded as A. The rice plant was then cut off at 10 cm from the ground and the wound stubbles were covered completely with the weighed cotton and wrapped tightly with the corresponding ziplock bag. Sap collection was performed from 6 pm to 6 am the following day. Afterwards, the cotton and the ziplock bags were weighed and recorded as W₂. The bleeding sap intensity (SI) was calculated in a single stem based on the following formula:

$ (SI)(mg\cdot h^{-1})= [W_{2}-W_{1}]\cdot A^{-1}\cdot 12^{-1 } $

Nitrogen content and its utilization efficiency in rice plants
The sampled plant parts were weighed, ground into powder and passed through a 0.25 mm sieve, then the powder samples were put into the ziplock bag, then marked and saved at room temperature until used. The concentrated sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide digestion method was used to prepare the test solution of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the rice plants. 0.25 g of the rice plant sample powders were added into the cleaned and dried digestion tube, and marked, 5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was then added to each tube, the digestion tube was then put into the digestion furnace and the temperature adjusted to 265 °C. It was then heated for 15 min; after preheating, the temperature was adjusted to 365 °C, the digestion tube was then removed and cooled to room temperature after digestion for 45 min, 4 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution was then added for the first time. The digestion tube was then returned to the digestion furnace to digest after 30 min, in turn the tube was cooled, thereafter, 2 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution was added for the second time and left to digest for 30 min, it was then removed again for cooling. 1 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution was then added for the third time, digested for 45−60 min, if the solution is still not clear and transparent, we continued to add 1 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution and digest for another 30 min. This step was repeated until the solution became clear and transparent, then the digestion was stopped. The solution was then cooled to room temperature, distilled water was used to increase the volume to 100 ml, and then it was poured into a clean centrifuge tube, labeled and stored for testing. The total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content of rice plants were measured using a German automatic chemical discontinuous analyzer (Smartchem, 2000).

Nitrogen utilization efficiency was then calculated based on the formula：

Plant nitrogen content (%) = [(Leaf dry weight per unit area × Leaf nitrogen content + Dry weight of stem and sheath per unit area × Nitrogen content in stem and sheath + Dry weight per panicle per unit area × Nitrogen content of panicle) / Aboveground parts of whole plant (Dry weights of stems, sheaths, leaves and panicles) per unit area] × 100

Nitrogen accumulation in leaves (stem, sheath and spikelets) (kg·hm⁻²) ＝ Dry weight of leaf (stem sheath, spikelets) per unit area at each stage × Nitrogen content in leaves (stem sheath and spikelets)

Nitrogen physiological efficiency (%) = [(Grain yield in nitrogen treatment area − Grain yield in the area without nitrogen treatment) / Total nitrogen uptake by plants in nitrogen treatment area − Total nitrogen uptake by plants in the area without nitrogen treatment)] × 100

Nitrogen agronomic efficiency (kg/kg) = (Grain yield in nitrogen treatment area − Grain yield in the area without nitrogen treatment) / Nitrogen application rate

Nitrogen uptake efficiency (%) = [(Nitrogen uptake by plants in nitrogen treatment area − Nitrogen uptake by plants in the area without nitrogen treatment) / Nitrogen application rate] × 100

Partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (kg/kg) = Grain yield of nitrogen treatment area / Nitrogen application rate

Fertilizer contribution rate (%) = (Yield of nitrogen treatment area − Yield in the area without nitrogen treatment) / Yield of nitrogen application area

Dry matter accumulation and allocation in rice
Rice plants were randomly sampled from different plots at AT, BS, HS, CS, RS of the main crop and RHS, RRS of the ratooning season rice, respectively. Five representative plants were selected and sampled based on the average of plants at different stages of main and ratooning rice crops. The sampled plants were quickly cleaned with water, and then separated into roots, stems, sheaths, leaves, panicles, and all these different parts of the main crop stubbles were placed into dry-oven at 105 °C to be deactivated for 30 min. Subsequently these were dried at 75 °C to a constant weight, then weighed and cooled at room temperature. Simultaneously, exportation rate of stem and sheath dry matters (ERSSDM), translocation rate of stem and sheath dry matters (TRSSDM) were calculated based on the formula:

$ ERSSDM (\%) = [(A)-(B)/A]\cdot 100 $

$ TRSSDM (\%) = [(A-B)/GW]\cdot 100 $

Where A refers to dry matter weight at the heading stage of rice, B stands for dry matter weight at the mature stage of rice (B), and GW refers to fully filled grain weight in the formula.

Determination of rice yield and its components
The effective panicles of more than 50 rice plants were randomly sampled and recorded in each plot on the day that the main and its ratoon rice crops were harvested. Then, the averages of effective panicles were calculated. According to the average of effective panicles, six representative rice plants were selected from each plot to investigate the number of grains per panicle, empty grains per panicle and filled grains per panicle, seed setting percentage, 1000 grain weight and theoretical yield. In addition, in order to calculate plant height and harvest index of the main crop (HI) and ratooning rice (RHI), the rice was cut from the stem base close to the field surface at the mature stage of the main crop and ratooning rice (including old rice stubbles). Where HI or RHI = Grain yield (g) / Total dry matter weight including grain yield and residual stubble per plant (g).

Data processing and statistical analysis
Office 2016 software for data processing was used for making the tables and figure drawings. DPS 7.05 statistical software was used to analyze the experiment results.

DISCUSSION

The results indicated that the nitrogen uptake and accumulation in stems, sheaths and leaves of the main and ratoon rice crops were the highest at the heading stage of the main crop, and gradually decreased with proceeding rice plant growth under the fertilizer configurations with different proportions of inorganic and organic nitrogen, simply because during the grain-filling and ripening stage of the main and ratoon rice crops, a large proportion of dry matter was rapidly transferred from the stem, sheath and leaf parts to the grain pools of the main and ratooning rice crops^[14]. The result also revealed that the GM₂ treatment (70% chemical nitrogen + 30% organic nitrogen) performed the best output compared with the other treatments, which is due to the fact that the rice plants in the early stage need much more nutrients to accumulate biomass, an appropriate proportion of inorganic nitrogen supply can meet the nutrient demands for the growth and development of rice in the early growth stage. However, the carry-over effect of the chemical nitrogen is too short to be favorable for the growth of rice at the late stage, which often leads to decreased root activity, thereby accelerated premature senescence. Therefore, a proper amount of organic nitrogen fertilizer in the combined application treatment could improve the situation since the proper amounts of organic nitrogen in the combined application have better durability of fertility, and the organic nitrogen could be effectively decomposed by rhizosphere microbes to release a large number of small molecules into rhizosphere for direct absorption by rice plants at the late growth stage to support the rice plant physiological demands, thereby preventing root premature senescence and root-vigor decreases, thereby improving the survival status of the axillary buds in the remaining stubbles, consequently increasing grain yield of the main and ratooning rice crops^[15−17].

However, the present results revealed that the excessive proportion of organic fertilizer in the mixture fertilizer led to the retention of nitrogen in rice leaves at the late stage and eventually led to the undesirable consequences of stay-green, which is responsible for the good carry-over effect of the organic fertilizer in terms of its fertility. Therefore, too much organic nitrogen in the combined application regime has a stay-green effect on rice growth, consequently resulting in yield reduction in the mixture treatment containing more than 45% organic nitrogen (such as GM_3,GM₄ etc.). In this experiment, as overused organic fertilizer inevitably results in nitrogen retention and reduces the nitrogen release efficiency, thereby decreasing the nitrogen utilization efficiency. Our present studies suggested that the proper combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers such as GM₂ treatment could make the soil nitrogen supply timely and effective as indicated by the higher root activity and the better nitrogen accumulation and allocation in the main crop under the optimal configuration regime (see Figs 1, 2 & 3 and Tables 1 & 2), which is consistent with the previous studies on conventional rice cultivation^[1,8]. Zhang et al. also documented that under an equal nitrogen usage, the substitution of organic fertilizers for chemical fertilizers improved the stability and sustainability of rice yields, reduced soil mineral nitrogen losses, and hence improved the utilization of nitrogen fertilizers^[18]. Zhang also suggested that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could increase the nitrogen uptake of the plants in the later stage and increase the nitrogen use efficiency^[19]. Liu et al. reported that under the condition of equal nitrogen replacement, organic and inorganic fertilizers were applied in different mixture combinations, and the soil available nitrogen content was higher in the treatment with a high proportion of chemical fertilizer application in the early stage of rice growth, the reverse was true in the case of the treatment with a high replacement ratio of organic fertilizer at the late growth stage of rice^[20].

Previous studies also suggested that with the increase in the proportion of organic fertilizers, the nitrogen fixed by microorganisms increases, and this in turn causes insufficient nutrients to the crops, especially in early plant growth stage^[11,21]. Moreover, the microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and mineral nitrogen in soil under the combined application treatment with organic and inorganic fertilizers were lower than those under sole chemical fertilizer regimes before the rice tillering stage, however, the reverse was true in the case of the heading stage to the grain filling stage. The findings attested that nitrogen supply dynamics should be in accordance with the law of nitrogen absorption and utilization by rice to the highest degree, which is conducive to preventing the delay-green and premature senescence of root and shoot in the late growth stage, in turn improving the status of rice growth and development, and hence leading to increased grain yield of rice^[22−27]. Therefore it is suggested that a suitable combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could greatly increase rice root activity and nutrient uptake capacity, improve dry matter accumulation and its allocation pattern, enhance nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen absorption efficiency, agronomic efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity, harvest index and hence increased yield of the main and ratoon rice crops.

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Stage	Treatment	SSWF (kg·hm⁻²)	SSWM (kg·hm⁻²)	PWM (kg·hm⁻²)	DMAF (kg·hm⁻²)	EPMSS (%)	TPMSS (%)
Maincrop	CF	7025.43c	5342.27b	9903.15b	4026.62b	23.96c	16.99d
	GM₁	7258.68b	5397.21ab	10250.41ab	3844.83c	25.64b	18.16b
	GM₂	7518.68a	5436.57a	10380.56a	4778.16a	27.69a	20.05a
	GM₃	6791.52d	5190.93c	9634.42c	3945.44b	23.57d	16.61d
	GM₄	6575.77e	4997.32d	9108.53d	3772.75d	24.00c	17.33cd
	GM₅	6471.57e	4915.14d	8583.96e	3740.11d	24.05c	18.13b
	GM₆	6244.54f	4821.60e	8059.98f	3137.99e	22.78e	17.65c
	CK	5137.59g	4144.89f	6261.79g	2660.41f	19.32f	15.85e
Ratoonrice	CF	5340.86cd	3890.75c	6149.61d	2483.25cd	27.15bc	23.58b
	GM₁	5567.44b	3971.67b	6544.57bc	2408.53e	28.66b	24.38ab
	GM₂	5889.77a	4051.99a	7348.64a	3219.63a	31.20a	25.01a
	GM₃	5440.62c	4009.24ab	6604.73b	2626.66b	26.3cd	21.67c
	GM₄	5022.85d	3827.70d	6293.14c	2539.09c	23.79d	18.99d
	GM₅	4861.61e	3789.66d	5783.45e	2435.55de	22.05e	18.53d
	GM₆	4329.81f	3417.23e	5169.39f	1916.51f	21.07f	17.65de
	CK	3047.31g	2649.84f	3539.34g	1441.24g	13.04g	11.23f
SSWH: Stem-sheath dry matter weight in full-heading stage; SSWM: Stem-sheath dry matter weight in mature stage; PWM: Panicle dry matter weight in mature stage; DMAH: Dry-matter accumulation after full-heading stage; DMAH: Dry-matter accumulation after full-heading stage; EPMSS: exportation rate of stem-sheath dry matter; TPMSS: Translocation rate of stem-sheath dry matter.

Treatments	The main crop				The ratooning rice				MTY (kg·hm⁻²)	RTY (kg·hm⁻²)	TTY (kg·hm⁻²)	MPH (cm)	RPH (cm)	MHI	RHI	MGD (days)	RGD (days)	NFPP (kg/kg)	NAUE (%)	PENU (kg/kg)	NAUE (kg/kg)	NCRF (%)
Treatments	EP (10⁴·hm⁻²)	GN	TGW (g)	SSP (%)	EP (10⁴·hm⁻²)	GN	TGW (g)	SSP (%)	MTY (kg·hm⁻²)	RTY (kg·hm⁻²)	TTY (kg·hm⁻²)	MPH (cm)	RPH (cm)	MHI	RHI	MGD (days)	RGD (days)	NFPP (kg/kg)	NAUE (%)	PENU (kg/kg)	NAUE (kg/kg)	NCRF (%)
CF	264.16^b	205.24^a	22.63^a	87.57^b	330.60^bc	108.55^c	21.61^a	89.18^ab	10750.68^bc	6901.61^cd	17528.21^bc	135^a	85^a	0.46^a	0.51^a	142.00	70.00	43.22^c	33.71^d	41.94^c	18.07^c	41.80^c
GM₁	267.49^b	203.49^ab	22.71^ab	88.23^ab	338.70^bc	110.50^b	21.65^a	90.06^ab	10914.32^b	7287.35^bc	18118.53^b	135^a	95^b	0.49^b	0.55^b	142.00	72.00	44.82^b	41.83^b	44.00^b	19.67^b	43.89^b
GM₂	282.64^a	201.69^bc	22.69^ab	89.52^a	356.10^a	115.08^a	21.47^ab	90.66^a	11600.46^a	7970.31^a	19342.97^a	140^b	95^b	0.55^c	0.61^c	142.00	75.00	48.97^a	44.37^a	48.79^a	23.82^a	48.64^a
GM₄	258.34^c	194.59^d	22.55^ab	89.82^a	328.66^c	110.71^b	21.66^a	90.32^ab	10145.36^d	7103.01^bc	17243.15^c	135^a	90^c	0.43^c	0.50^a	148.00	78.00	42.57^d	37.22^c	40.44^d	17.42^d	40.92^d
GM₅	247.61^d	195.43^d	22.63^ab	89.56^a	308.70^d	111.71^b	21.45^a	90.64^ab	9797.27^e	6681.84^d	16507.49^d	135^a	85^a	0.41^c	0.48^d	150.00	78.00	40.64^e	34.83^d	35.98^e	15.94^e	38.12^e
GM₆	240.58^d	194.89^cd	22.56^ab	90.04^a	295.53^e	107.62^c	21.51^ab	90.93^a	9486.38^e	6234.12^e	15722.10^e	135^a	85^a	0.41^c	0.45^d	150.00	78.00	38.37^f	32.17^e	30.29^f	13.22^f	24.46^f
CK	186.48^e	182.83^e	22.38^b	86.83^ab	215.02^f	99.52^d	21.03^b	88.12^b	6688.71^f	3751.59^f	10715.73^f	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Year(A)	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Fertilization (B)	32.43^**	12.25^**	NS	2.34^*	33.25^**	11.51^**	NS	NS	19.98^**	76.13^**	99.30^**	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
A×B	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	163.80^**	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
The comparison of differences is conducted to the average value of single factor effect and the interaction of double factor in the same column in the average of two year since no difference was found in two year results. The same letter after each data means that the difference is not significant, otherwise the difference is significant. Lower case letters represent significant level at < 5% and upper case letters represent significant level at < 1% , EP: effective panicles; GN: grain number per panicle; TGW: 1000-grain weight; SSP: seed setting percentage; MTY: theoretical yields of the main crop; RTY: theoretical yields of the ratoon rice; TTY: total theoretical yield; MPH: Plant height of the main crop; RPH: Plant height of ratooning rice; MHI: Harvest index of the main crop; RHI: Harvest index of ratooning rice; MGD: growth duration of the main crop; RGD: growth duration of ratooning rice; NFPP: Nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity; NAUE: nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency; PENU: Physiological efficiency of nitrogen use; NAUE: Nitrogen agronomic use efficiency; NCRF: Nitrogen contribution rate of fertilizer.

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Effects of the configurations with different organic and inorganic fertilizers on grain yield and its related physiological traits of the main and its ratoon rice crops

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