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In Ethiopia, Aflatoxin contamination mainly originates from crops, storage practices, feed, and environmental factors, commonly affecting maize, peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts (Table 1). Poor storage conditions, inadequate drying, and improper handling practices contribute to the growth of Aspergillus fungi, which produce Aflatoxins[27]. Improper storage in warm, humid conditions can lead to fungal growth and Aflatoxin production, with traditional methods, often inadequate for prevention[28]. Inadequate processing methods, such as milling and shelling, can spread Aflatoxin contamination throughout food products[29]. Additionally, processing facilities with poor hygiene standards may contribute to Aflatoxin contamination[30]. Contaminated crops, such as maize and peanuts, used in livestock feed can lead to Aflatoxin buildup in animal products like milk, meat, and eggs[31]. Ethiopia's warm and humid climate provides favorable conditions for the growth of Aspergillus fungi, the primary Aflatoxin producers[5]. Climate change may worsen Aflatoxin contamination in crops, so improving agricultural practices, upgrading storage, enhancing processing methods, and raising awareness about the risks is essential.
Table 1. The major sources and occurrence of Aflatoxin in different agricultural crops.
Foodstuffs Mean Aflatoxin concentrations Acceptable level
of AflatoxinRef. Maize 864.66 μg·kg−1 20 ppb [32] Wheat 1.405 ng·g−1 3.14 μg·kg−1 [33] Soybeans 4 μg·kg−1 20 μg·kg−1 [34] Tree nuts 15 μg·kg−1 8 or 10 μg·kg−1 [35] Copra < 20 ppb 4 μg·kg−1 [36] Cottonseed 20 ng·g−1 20 μg·kg−1 [37] Groundnuts 61 μg·kg−1 20 mg·kg−1 [33] Spices 5 μg·kg−1 30 μg·kg−1 [38] Animal feeds 20 ppb 20 ppb [39] Animal products 60%−80% 50 and 80 ppm [40] Sources: Own data collection and simplification. -
Efforts to mitigate Aflatoxin contamination in Ethiopia include pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest interventions, such as promoting good agricultural practices like crop rotation, pest management, and irrigation[15]. Post-harvest interventions focus on improving storage facilities, implementing proper drying techniques, and utilizing Aflatoxin-detoxifying agents[51] (Table 2). Raising awareness about Aflatoxin risks and implementing testing and certification protocols is crucial for ensuring food safety and market access.
Table 2. Some of the intervention strategies of Aflatoxin contamination.
No. Intervention strategies Elemental description Ref. 1 Improved agricultural practices Proper agricultural practices like effective drying, storage, and handling of crops can reduce Aflatoxin contamination pre- and post-harvest. [52] 2 Adoption of Aflatoxin-resistant varieties Research should focus on breeding crops resistant to Aflatoxin-producing fungi to reduce contamination. [53] 3 Enhanced food safety regulations Enhancing food safety rules and enforcement ensures adherence to Aflatoxin limits, protecting public health and boosting trade. [54] 4 Education and awareness campaigns Raising awareness about Aflatoxin risks and prevention among all stakeholders is crucial for adopting best practices. [55] 5 Investment in infrastructure Investing in detection and monitoring infrastructure and technology can reduce Aflatoxin contamination risks in the food supply chain. [56] Implementing these strategies can significantly reduce Aflatoxin contamination in the food supply chain. Positive results include improved public health, enhanced trade opportunities due to compliance with safety standards, and increased crop yields from resistant varieties. Additionally, raising awareness and improving infrastructure can lead to widespread adoption of best practices, further minimizing contamination. However, negative aspects include the high initial costs of research, infrastructure development, and technology implementation, as well as potential resistance from stakeholders resistant to change. Effective implementation of these strategies could prevent up to 90% of Aflatoxin contamination, although actual results may vary based on region-specific factors and the extent of adoption.
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The author acknowledges the anonymous editors and potential reviewers for their valuable input for the script.
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About this article
Cite this article
Gelaye Y. 2024. Systematic review on Aflatoxin contamination in Ethiopia: current status and implications. Studies in Fungi 9: e013 doi: 10.48130/sif-0024-0013
Systematic review on Aflatoxin contamination in Ethiopia: current status and implications
- Received: 04 April 2024
- Revised: 13 August 2024
- Accepted: 03 September 2024
- Published online: 23 September 2024
Abstract: Aflatoxin contamination poses significant threats to public health and economic stability, particularly in regions like Ethiopia, where agricultural practices are central to livelihoods. This review provides a snapshot of the current status of Aflatoxin contamination globally, with a focus on Ethiopia. Aflatoxin contamination is a global concern, affecting both developed and developing countries. In Africa, where climatic conditions favor the growth of Aflatoxin-producing fungi, the problem is particularly acute. Ethiopia, as one of Africa's largest agricultural producers, faces significant challenges in mitigating Aflatoxin contamination. Major sources of Aflatoxin in Ethiopia include groundnuts, maize, and other staple crops, with inadequate storage facilities and poor agricultural practices exacerbating the issue. Several African countries, including Ethiopia, experience adverse effects on public health due to Aflatoxin exposure, ranging from acute toxicity to chronic health problems such as liver cancer. Furthermore, Aflatoxin contamination imposes substantial economic burdens, including reduced agricultural productivity, trade restrictions, and increased healthcare costs. Mitigation strategies for Aflatoxin contamination in Ethiopia and other affected regions encompass a multifaceted approach, including improved agricultural practices, proper drying and storage techniques, and the development and implementation of regulatory measures and quality control standards. Additionally, promoting crop diversification and investing in research and technology for Aflatoxin detection and management are crucial components of effective mitigation strategies. In conclusion, Aflatoxin contamination in Ethiopia and Africa remains a pressing issue with far-reaching implications for public health and economic development.
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Key words:
- Aflatoxin-fungi /
- Groundnuts /
- Mitigation strategies /
- Storage facilities.